Search results

1

Finské velkoknížectví v 19. století, na rozcestí mezi Východem a Západem

100%

Masař T.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2018

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vol. 104

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issue 3

803-824

EN

The aim of the study is to map the development of the Finnish he perception of the Russians and the Russian Empire during the Russian rule of the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1809 and 1917. In the course of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, the territory of today’s Finland became a component of the Western civilization circle and its eastern borders became the utmost boundary, beyond which according to Finns there was only barbarism and chaos. The Finnish perception of themselves as a part of the civilized West was then to a significant degree built precisely on the contrast to the barbaric East, but this concept had to be re-evaluated after 1809 when the Grand Duchy of Finland became a component of the Russian Empire. Just changing the perception of the age-old enemy and orientation to the new capital city of Saint Petersburg can be an interesting example of adaptation to the newly emerging conditions and acclimatisation to the current political reality. However, the relationship with the Czarist empire was another change at the turn of the 20th century, this time for the worse. At this point, however, the Finns were a self-confident and fully developed nation that refused to accept the limitations of autonomy and russification of their country. There followed almost two decades of passive resistance and political struggle against the Russian government, which only ended with the revolution in 1917.

2

КУЛЬТУРНО-ОСВІТНЄ ЖИТТЯ ЄВРЕЇВ НА ТЕРЕНАХ КИЇВСЬКОЇ ГУБЕРНІЇ У 1860-1870-х рр.

100%

Ivanenko O.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

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2017

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issue 26

EN

The article deals with cultural and educational life of Jews in Kyiv governorate in the 1869s – 1870s, primarily with the activities of Jewish public schools and private schools in the context of the Russian Empire’s national policy. The scientific novelty of this paper is due to the introduction into scientific circulation of documents of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine (Kyiv). The author focuses on strengthening of state supervision over cultural and educational life of Jews in Kyiv governorate, creation of private educational institutions, Jewish communities’ educational activities, aimed at preserving and intergenerational transmission of Jewish culture’s religious traditions and values. After the suppression of Polish national liberation uprising (1863-1864) by force methods, the next stage of planting the Russian preponderance in the Western and South-Western provinces was the eradication of spiritual influences of "enemy elements", to which along with the Poles Jews were also classified. In the context of implementing the Russification ethno-national policy, state Jewish schools were established as a transitional link between the traditional system of Jews’ primary education and educational institutions of the Russian Empire. Of particular importance is the study of education’s influence on the preservation of Jewish communities’ mode of cultural life, on the one hand, and on their socio-psychological integration into the Christian society, on the other, and of the dynamics of Jewish youth’s educational level. The investigation of Jewish communities’ transformation, their communication with the social environments and state institutions is becoming relevant. In general, owing to the study of the ethno-cultural development of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe, it becomes possible to understand the relationship between the processes of assimilation and preservation of original cultural traditions.

3

Антон Семенович Будилович и средняя школа Российской империи

100%

Fomicheva O.

Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty

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2013

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vol. 50

51-64

EN

The article describes the views and work of the late Slavophile, a professor at Warsaw University Budilovich Anton Semenovich (1846-1908) regarding secondary schools. Through Russification policies in higher education in the national borders of the empire, Budilovich was aware of the importance of such a course for secondary schools. He takes place the analysis the position Budilovich against the Polish identity, language and the Catholic faith in dealing with secondary schools.

4

О попытках царской власти сблизить судопроизводство кочевого населения Туркестана с общероссийским судом и законодательством (по архивным, правовым и иным материалам)

100%

Saliev A. L.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

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2014

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vol. 19

24-30

EN

There are considered legal proceedings rapprochement examples of the nomadic population of Turkestan with the all-Russion court and the legislation.

5

Łódzkie urbonimy w okresach utraty niepodległości

88%

Bieńkowska D., Umińska-Tytoń E.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2013

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vol. 20

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issue 2

47-58

PL

The article discusses urban place names in Łódź in three historical period when Poland was not independent: during the partitions, the First World War, and the Second World War. The analysis focused on ways of German and Russian intervention into urban place naming in Łódź. It describes naming techniques (translations of Polish names, adaptations to foreign phonetic and writing systems, renaming) and the goals of foreign intervention into Polish place naming. The conclusion is that Russian and German interventions during the partitions and the first world war were mainly aimed at cultural assimilation, and consisted in use of Russified and Germanized forms. During the Second World War, on the other hand, Germans were consistently instilling elements of Nazi-German culture and history in place names.

6

ЄВРЕЙСЬКЕ ШКІЛЬНИЦТВО НА ТЕРЕНАХ КИЇВСЬКОГО НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГУ (80–90-ті рр. ХІХ ст.)

75%

Ivanenko O.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

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2018

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issue 27

EN

The article deals with activities of primary state and private Jewish educational institutions in the Kiev educational district during the eighties-nineties of the 19th century. The author analyzes cultural and educational life of the Jewish community on the basis of press materials and documents of the funds “the Chancellery of the Kyiv, Podillya and Volyn General Governorate” (f. 442) and “the Chancellery of the trustee of the Kyiv educational district” (f. 707) of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine (Kyiv). The analysis of Jews’ educational activity offers the prospect of better understanding the dynamics of their socio-demographic development, the place and role in the cultural life of Ukrainian provinces, the influence of state structures on the regulation of internal life of the Jewish community. The material concerning the history of cultural and educational activities of the Jewish community in the late nineteenth century forms the basis for an understanding of the balance between orientation of Jews to the preservation of their own traditions, on the one hand, and ability to adapt to a different society, on the other. Russification policies in education, aimed at the assimilation of the younger generation, played a key role in the imperial strategy of destruction of the Jewish community’s traditional lifestyle and cultural identity. The problems of Jewish population’s adaptation to the Russian Empire’s multilayered socio-cultural landscape, the interaction with the state authorities of the post-reform period (1880–1890s), the incorporation of Jewish communities into an administrative imperial system, the transformation of the traditional lifestyle, the everyday culture of Jews, the development of inter-ethnic relations are key in the understanding the specifics of Dnipro Ukraine’s historical development as a unique space of the interaction of various cultural phenomena.

7

"Zapiski domowe" biskupa Macieja Wołonczewskiego jako przyczynek do poznania sytuacji społecznej i językowej na terenie dawnego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego pod władzą carów

75%

Sawaniewska-Mochowa Z.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2013

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vol. 37

EN

"The Domestic Notes" by Bishop Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius) as a contribution to the knowledge of the social and linguistic situation on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of the tsarsThe article introduces the interesting, albeit controversial, figure of Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius), an important member of the nineteenth-century clergy, and his Polish-language legacy. The bishop of Samogitia’s "Domestic Notes" document persecutions of the Catholic Church in Lithuania after the November and January Uprisings at the hands of Russian Tzarist authorities, and reflect the state of Polish language and its social functions in this historical period.Valančius’ manuscripts, published in the volume edited by the historians Aldona Prašmantaitė and Jan Jurkiewicz [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (The Domestic Notes), Vilnius: Baltos Lankos, 2003], were subjected to the far-reaching standardization of spelling, thus they are not a reliable source for a linguistic research. A linguist, who would make the effort of describing the Polish language of the author, should therefore locate and take advantage the original sources, dispersed in various archives in Vilnius. "Домашние записки" епископа Матвея Волончевского. К вопросу о социальной и языковой обстановке на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского во время царского правленияСтатья приближает интересную, но спорную, личность священника XIX-го века и его письменное наследие на польском языке. Заметки епископа Матвея Волончевского документируют репрессии, применяемые царским правительством по отношению к Католической церкви в Литве после восстаний против царской власти, и – одновременно – отражают состояние тогдашнего польского языка и его общественные функции. Изданные в научной разработке историков: Альдоны Прашмантайте и Яна Юркевича рукописи Волончевского [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (Домашние заметки), Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2003] сильно кодифицированы и не могут быть достоверным источником лингвистических исследований. Лингвист, который захочет изучить польский язык жемайтского автора, будет вынужден работать с подлинниками, разбросанными по разным вильнюсским архивным фондам.

8

Dramat i teatr białoruski w poszukiwaniu tożsamości kulturowej

63%

Siwek B.

Miscellanea Posttotalitariana Wratislaviensia

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2016

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vol. 4: POKOLENIE — TRANSFORMACJA — TOŻSAMOŚĆ Gardzienickie czytania teatroznawcze… i nie tylko

91-100

EN

In the present article an attempt to present the most important issues concerning identity discourse within Belarusian cultural and literary space has been made. The author of the article is particularly interested in Belarusian dramaturgic texts, which undoubtedly played an important role in forming cultural peculiarity of the Belarusian nation and, simultaneously, which account for an important voice in the discussion on Belarusians’ national autonomy. Belarusian drama, so varied in its forms and language material, realising so many different themes and ideas and tackling such a wide range of problems, is not only helpful in searching for answers to a question where the roots of the Belarusian nation are, but it allows us to observe numerous conditionings (not only cultural, but political and religious as well) of the process of Belarusians’ identity formation.

9

Ruchy i inicjatywy społeczne na rzecz języka ukraińskiego. Kulturotwórcze strategie oporu

63%

Hałajko J., Zimniak-Hałajko M.

Zoon Politikon

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2016

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issue 7

161-185

PL

W artykule prezentujemy działalność ruchów na rzecz języka ukraińskiego na Ukrainie od czasów Pomarańczowej Rewolucji do chwili obecnej (2005-2017). Ukazujemy strategie i obszary działań ruchów (walka o prawa konsumenckie, oddolna produkcja i dystrybucja ukraińskojęzycznych treści, popularyzacja języka, inicjatywy ustawodawcze) oraz ich potencjalny wpływ na politykę państwową.

EN

The article presents the activities of social movements for Ukrainian language in Ukraine since the Orange Revolution till present time (2005-2017). It explores strategies employed by these movements and fields of their operation (including struggle for consumer rights, grassroots production and distribution of Ukrainian language content, promotion of Ukrainian language use, legislative initiatives) as well as their prospective influence on state policy.

10

Roman-Catholic parish registers as a source of information about Polish society living under the Russian rule in the period of partitions in the second half of the 19th century

63%

Dacewicz L.

Acta onomastica

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2019

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vol. 60

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issue 2

186-198

EN

The paper focuses on register books of the Biłystok and Grodno deaneries from the years 1865–1918. These deaneries used to form a part of the Vilnius diocese, located in the north-east of the former Polish territory. The 19th century presents a special period in the history of Poland; this country existed only in the minds of the Poles as it had been divided among Austria, Prussia and Russia and thus erased from the political map of Europe for a long time. The investigated territory belonged to the Russian Empire, and the Russian language, implemented by the Russian authorities, gradually penetrated more and more spheres of the social life. The aim of the paper is to point out the research value of the register books for the knowledge of the society in the given period, and also the general description of anthroponymy, characterizing the social strata after implementing Russian as an official language of the Roman Catholic Church administration. And also, because the 19th century anthroponymy of the given regions has been so far for several reasons paid little attention, there are also presented methods of identifying individuals registered in these books.

CS

Předmětem zkoumání je soubor matričních knih děkanátů Białystok a Grodno z let 1865–1918. Tyto děkanáty byly součástí bývalé Vilniuské diecéze, nacházející se v severovýchodní části bývalého polského území. Devatenácté století představuje v dějinách Polska zvláštní období, tato země existovala pouze v myslích Poláků, protože v důsledku svého rozdělení mezi Rakousko, Prusko a Rusko byla na dlouhou dobu vymazána z politické mapy Evropy. Zkoumaná oblast patřila k Ruské říši a ruský jazyk, který zavedly carské úřady, postupně pronikal do dalších a dalších oblastí společenského života. Cílem článku je upozornit na výzkumnou hodnotu matričních knih pro poznání společnosti daného období, dále pak rovněž obecný popis antroponymie, která charakterizuje tehdejší společenské vrstvy po zavedení ruštiny jako úředního jazyka správy římskokatolické církve. Dále jsou prezentovány metody identifikace osob zaznamenaných v knihách, a to zvláště proto, že antroponymii daných regionů v 19. století bylo z různých důvodů dosud věnováno málo pozornosti.

11

The influence of the foreign invader on the shape of wooden architecture of the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in the Lublin region

63%

Netczul-Pol E.

Architectus

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2021

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issue 1(65)

11-20

EN

The aim of the article was to present the influence of the Russian national architecture on the wooden architecture of the Lublin region, created at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which was characterized by great distinctiveness. The subject of the work was to show the importance of increased Russification, which touched not only the spheres of social and cultural life, but also architecture. The article analyzes the preserved wooden architecture from the turn of the century in the present-day Lubelskie Region. The starting material used was the available archival materials and documentation prepared for the needs of the provincial conservator of monuments (the card for the records of architectural and construction monuments) and a local inspection was made to prepare photographic documentation of the current state. Characteristic wooden buildings were used as comparative material, built at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in Samara, Russia. The buildings have a well-documented history and are well researched by local scientists. Additionally, they are kept almost intact. During the research, a comparative method was used for the existing wooden buildings in the Lublin region from the turn of the century with the Russian wooden buildings, mainly in terms of detail and façade decoration. It allowed us to notice the similarities between the details used in traditional wooden construction in the Lublin Province. It is especially visible in the details of the window decorations – richly decorated drip and window sills. It is an element characteristic only for the analyzed period, which confirms the thesis about the influence of the foreign invaders on the shape of architecture.

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie wpływu architektury narodowej rosyjskiej na drewnianą architekturę Lubelszczyzny powstałą na przełomie XIX i XX w., która charakteryzowała się dużą odrębnością. Przedmiotem pracy było ukazanie znaczenia wzmożonej rusyfikacji, która dotykała nie tylko sfery życia społecznego, kulturalnego, ale także architektury. W artykule dokonano analizy zachowanej architektury drewnianej powstałej na przełomie wieków na terenie obecnego województwa lubelskiego. Jako materiał wyjściowy wykorzystano dostępne materiały archiwalne oraz dokumentację stworzoną na potrzeby wojewódzkiego konserwatora zabytków (karta ewidencji zabytków architektury i budownictwa) oraz dokonano wizji lokalnej w celu przygotowania dokumentacji fotograficznej stanu aktualnego. Jako materiał porównawczy posłużyła charakterystyczna zabudowa drewniana powstała pod koniec XIX i na początku XX w. w Samarze w Rosji. Zabudowa ta ma dobrze udokumentowaną historię oraz jest dobrze zbadana przez lokalnych naukowców. Dodatkowo przetrwała do dziś w stanie prawie nienaruszonym. Podczas badań porównano istniejącą zabudowę drewnianej Lubelszczyzny z przełomu wieków z zabudową drewnianą rosyjską przede wszystkim pod względem detalu i dekoracji fasady. Pozwoliło to na zauważenie podobieństw między detalami stosowanymi w tradycyjnym budownictwie drewnianym na terenie województwa lubelskiego. Szczególnie jest to widoczne w detalu stolarki okiennej – bogato dekorowane nad- i podokienniki. Jest to element charakterystyczny tylko dla badanego okresu, co potwierdza tezę o wpływie zaborcy na kształt architektury.

12

Anti-National Population Policy in the Ukrainian SSR during the 1960s–1970s: The Titular Nation of Ukraine as an Example

63%

Kindrachuk N. M.

Historia i Polityka

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2015

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issue 14(21)

33-41

EN

The article studies the anti-national population policy of the USSR taking as the example the titular nation of Ukraine during the 1960s –1970s. The author investigates inner republican effects of migration (increasing the number of mixed marriages and the displacement of the Ukrainian language by Russian) and studies official statistics – Union censuses in 1959, 1970, and 1979 which allow a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the Ukrainians and territorial distribution in different regions of the republic. The author has found that in the outlined period the USSR government always created anti-Ukrainian background at all levels, which formed a widespread anti-national population policy of Russification and assimilation of the Ukrainians; there was an artificial formation of national-ethnic structure of the Ukrainian SSR and forcing international convergence to create a “single Soviet people”. Any statement or reference to Ukrainian national problems was regarded as a ground for harassment and persecution by the Soviet authorities and accusation of “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism”. It has been proved that Ukrainians were the dominant nation almost throughout the USSR in the outlined period. The number of Ukrainians increased exclusively trough natural population growth, while the number of representatives of the Russian nation increased as a result of internal migration. The article presents the idea that Ukraine was one of the centers of accumulation of immigration flows in the Soviet Union, and because of this fact the multicultural Ukrainian SSR society, which basically constituted of Ukrainians, gradually turned into a bi-national society, where the Ukrainian majority coexisted with the continuously growing Russian minority. Resettlements were carried out primarily for political reasons and their aim was to deprive the native people of their national characteristics – language, culture, and the like. Demographic, economic, and social processes that were spread under the slogan of “internationalist aid” substantially changed the proportion of native and settled populations in some regions.

13

Ukrainian Language in Educational Institutions of the USSR: 1960s–1970s

63%

Kindrachuk N.

Historia i Polityka

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2022

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issue 42 (49)

151-162

EN

This article examines the position of the Ukrainian language in educational institutions of the USSR during the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. It is shown that the Soviet government actively implemented the policy of Russification, the aim of which was the complete destruction of the national-educational space of Ukrainians. Numerous decisions and resolutions of the country’s top party leadership have laid a solid foundation for the introduction of Russian as the language of interethnic communication. In the field of education, the ideologues of communism tried to shift the emphasis from the national characteristics of Ukrainians to the “common” for all – the Soviet ones. Oppression of the native language has caused alarm among the Ukrainian public. Realizing that the Ukrainian language is the basis for the preservation and development of the Ukrainian nation, the Ukrainian intelligentsia led the movement to protect it. Disagreeing with Russification, Ukrainians used all possible forms of protest against it at the time. It came to the formation of open opposition to Khrushchev’s educational reform. Many letters were received by various levels of government, newspapers, and magazines from various publishers, whose authors were concerned about the unequal position of the Russian and Ukrainian languages and expressed their indignation at the functioning of a large number of Russian-language educational institutions. Ukrainians were encouraged to spread the Ukrainian language and take care of its further development, thus seeking to preserve their own national identity. And the Ukrainian language continued to live and develop in the thick of the masses.

14

Згубний вплив політики русифікації та її наслідки для українського народу

51%

Свинаренко (Svynarenko) Н. N.

Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe

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2022

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issue 7(4)

197-204

UK

На основі аналізу нормативних правових документів та сучасної наукової історичної літератури визначено особливості дії тотальної русифікації на події сучасної історії України. На час проведення політики українізації русифікаційні напади дещо послабили свою активність, порівняно з Валуївським циркуляром та Емським указом. За період Радянської України русифікація розвивалася досить потужно: цьому сприяли повна русифікація армії у всьому СРСР, освітня політика Радянського Союзу, особливості кадрової політики розподілу робочих місць молодим спеціалістам після закінчення середніх спеціальних та вищих навчальних закладів. Починаючи з 1970 р. науковий світ усіх тодішніх республік Союзу теж русифікувався – бо всі захисти дисертацій затверджувалися у Москві, а автореферати дозволялося публікувати тільки російською мовою. А російська мова тим часом все більше популяризується. Радянську політику русифікації на Україні цілком можна назвати зброєю сповільненої дії, яка через десятиліття своєї планомірної дії досягла свого фактичного результату – війни, у якій гинуть абсолютно невинні люди. Культ так званої «радянської людини» формувався протягом всього періоду існування СРСР. Особливо успішним це формування виявилося на території нашої України. З плином часу це призвело до певних ознак стирання національної самоідентифікації українського народ та до формування подвійної ментальності. Політика наших пропрезидентських партій повністю це підтверджує. На момент розпаду Радянського Союзу на території нашої України більшість населення становили україномовні українці та дещо менше було російськомовних українців. Але за суттєву проблему це ні політики найвищого рангу, ні переважна більшість суспільства не вважали. Значна кількість українців російськомовних та станом на переддень військової російської агресії переважно занадто толерантне ставлення більшості українських громадян до явища російськомовності в Україні. Існування так званої подвійної ментальності в сучасній Україні - прозахідного (європейського) спрямування та східний (промосковський) з відповідними культурними характеристиками. Враховувати потрібно і той факт, що на Україні відбувається старіння нації, і носіїв промосковського типу ментальності було за часи незалежності більше, тому представників проросійських партій завжди було достатньо у Верховній Раді. Ті мовні закони, які затверджувала Верховна Рада України за весь час її існування є прямим підтвердженням цього факту. З точки зору цивілізаційного підходу є важливим погляд іноземних дослідників (істориків, публіцистів, соціологів, політологів) на проблему русифікації українського народу у складі Радянського Союзу та у часи незалежності.

EN

On the basis of the analysis of normative legal documents and modern scientific historical literature the peculiarities of the action of total Russification on the events of modern history of Ukraine are determined. At the time of the policy of Ukrainization, Russification attacks had somewhat weakened their activity, compared to the Valuev Circular and the Ems Decree. During the period of Soviet Ukraine, Russification developed quite strongly: this was facilitated by the full Russification of the army throughout the USSR, the educational policy of the Soviet Union, the peculiarities of personnel policy for the distribution of jobs to young professionals after graduating from secondary special and higher education.Beginning in 1970, the scientific world of all the then republics of the Union was also Russified - because all dissertation defenses were approved in Moscow, and abstracts were allowed to be published only in Russian. Meanwhile, the Russian language is becoming more and more popular. The Soviet policy of Russification in Ukraine can be called a weapon of slow action, which after decades of its planned action has achieved its actual result - a war in which completely innocent people die. The cult of the so-called “Soviet man” was formed throughout the existence of the USSR. This formation was especially successful on the territory of our Ukraine.Over time, this led to certain signs of erasure of the national self-identification of the Ukrainian people and the formation of a dual mentality. The policy of our pro-presidential parties fully confirms this. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the territory of our Ukraine, the majority of the population were Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians and slightly fewer Russian-speaking Ukrainians. But neither the highestranking politicians nor the vast majority of society considered this to be a significant problem. A significant number of Russian-speaking Ukrainians and, on the eve of Russian military aggression, the majority of Ukrainian citizens are overly tolerant of the Russian-speaking phenomenon in Ukraine. The existence of the so-called dual mentality in modern Ukraine – pro-Western (European) and Eastern (pro-Moscow) with the appropriate cultural characteristics. You need to take into account that.The fact that the nation is aging in Ukraine, and there were more pro-Moscow mentality since independence, so there were always enough representatives of pro-Russian parties in the Verkhovna Rada. The language laws approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine during its entire existence are a direct confirmation of this fact. From the point of view of the civilization approach, the view of foreign researchers (historians, publicists, sociologists, political scientists) on the problem of Russification of the Ukrainian people within the Soviet Union and at the time of independence is important

15

Świadomość narodowo- historyczna oraz kwestia tożsamości społeczeństwa białoruskiego

51%

Baziur G.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

|

2020

|

vol. 32

83/108

PL

Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań nad świadomością narodową społeczeństwa Białorusi i jej rolą w samoidentyfikacji narodowej Białorusinów. Ocenę stopnia świadomości narodowej autor przedstawił w kontekście polityki historycznej, a zwłaszcza istotnego dylematu (konieczności wyboru) między Zachodem, reprezentowanym przez Polskę i Litwę, a Wschodem, który jest utożsamiany z Rosją? Odrodzenie narodowe Białorusinów ukazane zostało w związku z fiaskiem polityki rusyfikacyjnej władz, realizowanej w latach 1995-2014 – od referendum w sprawie przywrócenia symboliki z czasów Białoruskiej SRR i równości języka rosyjskiego, do aneksji ukraińskiego Krymu i rozpoczęcia wojny hybrydowej w Donbasie. Wspomniane wydarzenia wpłynęły na zmianę postrzegania Rosji przez władze i patriotycznie świadomą część społeczeństwa. Uważana uprzednio za państwo sojusznicze, Rosja stała się w świadomości Białorusinów mocarstwem perspektywicznie zagrażającym niepodległości Białorusi. Jest to widoczne zwłaszcza w obliczu powtarzających się nacisków Rosji na pogłębienie integracji obu państw.

EN

The article contains the results of research on the national consciousness of Belarusian society and its role in the national self-identification of Belarusians. The author assessed the degree of national awareness in the context of historical policy, and in particular the important dilemma (necessity of choice) between the West, represented by Poland and Lithuania, and the East, which is identified with Russia. The national revival of Belarusians was shown in connection with the fiasco of the Russification policy of the authorities, implemented in 1995-2014 - from the referendum on the restoration of the symbols of the Belarusian SSR and the equality of the Russian language, to the annexation of the Ukrainian Crimea and the start of the hybrid war in the Donbass. These events changed the perception of Russia by the authorities and the patriotic conscious part of society. Previously considered an ally, Russia became a power in the minds of Belarusians that threatens Belarus's independence in future. This is especially evident in the face of Russia's repeated pressure to deepen the integration of both countries.

16

Польское национальное меньшинство в Беларуси периода БССР как фактор госудаственной безопасности СССР (1945-1985 гг.)

45%

Kruczkowski T.

De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności

|

2021

|

issue 2(7)

175-210

EN

The Polish national minority in the USSR, including the BSSR, was viewed from the aspect of state security as an unreliable, subversive element. In this regard, it had to be Sovietized and Russified. In the conditions of the BSSR, there was also a specificity of the solution of the Polish question: first, the Poles were subjected to Sovietization and Byelorussification, and then to Russification. It was not possible to fully implement the plan for Sovietization and depolonization of the region and thus turn the Polish national minority into a Soviet society of power. The cultural and national specificity of the Poles of the BSSR and especially in the Grodno region has been preserved. However, the Soviet legacy in relation to the Polish national minority in independent Belarus has survived, including in the post-Soviet imperial complex “Great Belarus”, a character-istic complex of “small empires” for most of the former Soviet republics.

RU

Польское национальное меньшинство в СССР, в том числе и в БССР, рассматривалось в аспекте государственной безопасности как ненадежный, подрывной элемент. В связи с этим оно должно было быть советизировано и русифицировано. В условиях БССР была и своя специфика решения польского вопроса: сначала поляки подвергались советизации и белорусизации, а затем и русификации. Реализовать полностью план по советизации и деполонизации края и таким образом превратить польское национальное меньшинство в советское общество власти не удалось. Культурно-национальная специфика поляков БССР и особенно в Гродненской области сохранилась. Однако советское наследие в отношении польского национального меньшинства в независимой Беларуси сохранилось, в том числе в постсоветском имперском комплексе «Великой Беларуси», характерным комплексом «малых империй» для большинства бывших советских республик.

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Польское национальное меньшинство в Беларуси периода БССР как фактор госудаственной безопасности СССР (1945-1985 гг.)