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1
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The Impact of COVID-19: Rwanda’s case

100%
Sinining V. C.
Cywilizacja i Polityka
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2020
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vol. 18
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issue 18
22-27
PL
Autor opisuje rozwój choroby COVID-19 w Rwandzie. Szczególną uwagę zwrócił na środki podjęte przez rząd w celu zminimalizowania rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa. Podjęte środki, choć są kluczowymi czynnikami w skutecznym zarządzaniu kryzysem zdrowotnym, mają daleko idące konsekwencje społeczne i gospodarcze.
EN
The author describes the development of COVID-19 disease in Rwanda. He paid special attention to the measures taken by the government to minimize the spread of the virus. These measures, although key factors in the effective management of the health crisis, have far-reaching social and economic consequences.
2
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Rola podmiotów trzecich w kształtowaniu relacji wewnętrznych suwerennego państwa - ONZ wobec Rwandy (1959-2010)

94%
Bar J.
Forum Politologiczne
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2012
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vol. 13 - "Stare" i "nowe" mocarstwa w Afryce - stygmaty kulturowe, religijne, polityczne, ekonomiczne i społeczne
649-676
EN
In the period 1959-1962 the United Nations actively assisted Rwanda in the process of gaining independence. Their mutual relations continued after Rwanda became an independent country and were based on the UN providing economic support to Rwanda and Rwanda's representatives taking part in the UN's initiatives and statutory work. In the early 1990»s, after the outbreak of a civil war in Rwanda, the UN presided conciliatory actions. Those actions ended up in a failure, both moral - which resulted in a breakdown of the peace process in April 1994, and military - which resulted in a dramatic decision of withdrawing the UN forces from Rwanda in face of genocide ravaging the country. After 1994 the UN took part in humanitarian actions helping Rwandans to rebuilt their country.
3
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Obchody świąt narodowych w Rwandzie jako przykład masowych rytuałów politycznych

94%
Gierszewska W.
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
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2019
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vol. 24
193-206
EN
The contemporary geopolitical changes, especially after the collapse of bipolar world distinction, are characterized by socio-political changes in many countries of different continents. One such country which pace of changes, especially in the socio-political area, is especially visible and draws attention from throughout the world is Rwanda. To comprehend changes in the political awareness of Rwandans one needs to understand a role played in this transposition by political rituals, especially national holidays. The aim of the article is to determine to what extent the ritual nature of national holidays celebrations in Rwanda influence the society, especially in the context of traumatic events of 2004 and how politicians use these celebrations for the realization of current political goals.
4

‘Justice seen is Justice done?’ - Assessing the Impact of Outreach Activities by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

94%
Schulz P.
Croatian International Relations Review
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2015
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vol. 21
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issue 74
63-93
EN
By referring to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) as a case study, this paper seeks to explore the impact of outreach activities by international criminal tribunals. Building upon primary field research findings, including twenty-seven in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 108 respondents, this paper applies a theory-driven investigation of the impact of outreach activities by the ICTR. Contrary to the theoretical argument, on a national level throughout society over time, outreach activities by the ICTR did neither increase awareness and understanding, nor shape positive perceptions towards the Tribunal and its expected contribution to reconciliation. Furthermore, a comparison of groups of outreach participants and control groups shows that outreach did increase the level of knowledge among beneficiaries of such activities. An increased understanding, however, cannot be correlated with more positive perceptions towards the Tribunal or its role in promoting reconciliation.
5
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Rwanda - perspektywy rozwoju kraju

94%
Bar J.
Forum Politologiczne
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2011
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vol. 12 - Problemy bogactwa i biedy we współczesnej Afryce
518-540
EN
Until today Rwanda had been perceived first of all, as a country where during the short period; from 7 April to 2 July 1994, 800.000 to 1.000.000 people were killed. The massacre exterminated about 80 per cent of population of the Tutsi tribe. This genocide was the tragic end of more then a thirty year long timeline a violence. This period started in 1962 with the independence of Rwanda. The goal of this article is to present some of the transforming aspects in Rwanda during the last 15 years. The article revealed problems caused by economical development and social transformation. The article is also concerned with fixing responsibility for prosecuting the leaders and organizers of the genocide. Now, 15 years after the civil war Rwanda is a safe, politically stable country, more and more interesting for foreign investors. But, there still exist corruption, lack freedom of speech and unsolved ethnical problems.
6
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Tove Rosendal, Linguistic Landshapes. A comparison of the official and non-official language management in Rwanda and Uganda, focusing on the position of African languages, Köln, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2011, 327 pp.

94%
Pawlak N.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2013
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issue 47
116-118
EN
A review of a book by Tove Rosendal "Linguistic Landshapes. A comparison of the official and non-official language management in Rwanda and Uganda, focusing on the position of African languages".
7
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Ekspansja islamu w Ruandzie po 1994 roku w świetle teorii sekularyzacji

94%
Bachmann K., Bieniek K.
Forum Politologiczne
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2006
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vol. 4 - Islam we współczesnej Afryce
149-166
EN
The article discusses Islam in Rwanda and three secularization theories: Durkheim's religious supply theory; religious demand theory put forward by Finke and Stark; and proposed by Inglehart -security theory. The research the article is based upon was carried out just before 1994 genocide and in 2001. We seek the answer to whether the 1994 genocide brought about any changes in the religious structure in Rwanda and how relevant the above mentioned theories are in explaining the changes. In the first section, the theoretical background is provided; then the history of Rwanda up to 1994 is briefly discussed; the penultimate section focuses on how Islam spread in Rwanda and finally we examine whether the three secularization theories are relevant in explaining the changes in the Rwandan religious structure.
8
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Civic education in Rwanda: the impact of the Itorero program

94%
Gierszewska W., Sinining V. C.
Edukacja Międzykulturowa
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2023
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vol. 23
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issue 4
43-55
EN
The authors discuss the transformation in civic education in Rwanda. Before the arrival of the colonizers, Rwanda had traditions in education and uniting societies. Colonialism destroyed the educational system and divided the society. The re-introduction of the traditional system has been also explored – the example of the Itorero program and its impact on the unity and reconciliation efforts of the government – on the basis of various conducted studies. The main aspects that are taken into account in this study include: the significance of civic education, the Itorero program and the best predictors of success, and the role of civic education in promoting the well-being of communities and nations. The authors not only analyze the functioning of the Itorero institution, but also aim to seek answers to the questions of whether and to what extent the Itorero program affects civic education and to what extent it is an effective tool for uniting the Rwandan society.
9
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Economic Development in Rwanda – Institutional Perspective

94%
Sharangabo D., Szczepaniak M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy. Seria Ekonomia
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2019
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vol. 10
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issue 34
107-124
EN
Rwanda is particularly interesting example of the economic success from the perspective of institutional development. It significantly improved the conditions of doing business during the last decade and is one of the most free countries across Sub-Saharan Africa (Heritage Foundation, 2019). In the article main institutional reforms are analyzed and compared to the other East African Community member states. The main aim is to identify the factors (institutional reforms) that helped Rwandan economy to transform and develop quickly during the last decade. The article focuses on the role of Rwandan Development Board in creating the conditions encouraging the inflow of FDI. The institutional reform analyses is based mostly on Doing Business Reports.
10
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Rwanda z reportaży Jeana Hatzfelda – czytana przez różnie formułowane definicje ludobójstwa

84%
Kuczyńska-Koschany K.
Narracje o Zagładzie
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2020
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issue 6
279-291
EN
The present essay reflects upon the outstanding, from the reporter’s craft point of view, and unprecedented when it comes to empathy (which sometimes borders on European, colonialcomplicity) books by Jean Hatzfeld (born 1949), which consist of five volumes on Rwanda: Dans le nu de la vie. Récits des marais rwandais (2000), Une saison de machettes (2002), La stratégie des antilopes: récits (2007), Engelbert des collines (2014), Un papa de sang (2015). Various definitions of genocide (starting with the notion itself, authored by criminal lawyer, a Polish Jew Rafał Lemkin (1900–1959)), that were also formulated ad hoc in works of art (thecase of a feature film by Joanna Kos-Krauze and Krzysztof Krauze Ptaki śpiewają w Kigali [Birds Are Singing in Kigali]) prove to be a kind of Ariadne’s thread. Embedding Hatzfeld’s reportages in the context of the notion of genocide aims at broadening the field of associations for both, the narrator himself and his Rwandan interlocutors, whosporadically and comparatively/by way of comparison refer to the Shoah.
11
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Polityka państw Wspólnoty Wschodnioafrykańskiej wobec kryzysu w regionie Wielkich Jezior

84%
Bar J.
Forum Politologiczne
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2014
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vol. 17 - Konteksty bezpieczeństwa w Afryce. Konflikty, wojny, polityki bezpieczeństwa
259-278
EN
The conflict in the DRC has continued uninterrupted since 1994 and consumed about 5 million victims. Attempts to its completion are so far unsuccessful, despite the political commitment of the great powers and the UN forces. East African Community is the regional intergovernmental organization whose members are Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. Cooperation within the East African Community, which is dominated by the issues of economic development is realized also in matters relating to the process of restoring peace in the region. The purpose of this article is to present the mediation of politicians of the EAC — as the most interested — to restore stability in the African Great Lakes Region.
12
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Prawnomiędzynarodowa odpowiedzialność za ludobójstwo na przykładzie Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego do spraw Rwandy

84%
Pilip K.
Facta Simonidis
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2015
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issue 8
223-234
PL
Artykuł opisuje wojnę domową o podłożu etnicznym w państwie środkowej Afryki – Rwandzie, która miała miejsce w 1994 roku. Przyczyną konfliktu i tragicznych wydarzeń była wrogość pomiędzy plemionami Hutu a Tutsi, które doprowadziły do największego ludobójstwa w dziejach powojennego świata. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie roli jaką odegrały specjalnie powołane instytucje karne oraz organizacje humanitarne w przywróceniu pokoju na kontynencie afrykańskim.
EN
The article describes ethnic based civil war in the Central African State– Rwanda, which took place in 1994. The cause of the conflict was the hostility between the Hutu and Tutsi that led to the largest genocide in the history of the post- war world. The objective is to present the role played by especially appointed criminal institutions and humanitarian organizations in restoring peace on the African continent.
13

Gdy zło zapuszcza korzenie – śmierć w relacjach bohaterów reportaży Jeana Hatzfelda

84%
Pomiankowska-Wronka A.
Prace Literaturoznawcze
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2017
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issue 5
49-60
EN
In death all people are equal – death will affect every individual, regardless of age, gender or social status. Nobody will escape from it. However, sometimes it happens that death is not a natural course of life, but it is a meticulously prepared plan of extermination of one ethnic group by another one. Jean Hatzfeld dedicated four reportages to the Rwanda genocide; they include reports of the genocide victims and their torturers. That evil, which affected more than one million victims, has set its stamp on Rwandans. Death is omnipresent in their memories and it is visible that there is no way to free themselves from it.
14
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Polityka surowcowa w wymiarze metali ziem rzadkich. Rwanda – studium przypadku

84%
Kamprowski R.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2021
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vol. 19
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issue 1
25-38
EN
The primary goal of a state's raw material policy is to ensure its raw material security. Due to the progressing technological development, rare earth metals play an increasingly important role. For several years, they have become the subject of a political game between the countries that play a dominant role in their market, ie the People's Republic of China and the United States. The other countries where the discussed groups of metals are mined were left on the sidelines of the discussion. The aim of the research undertaken in this article is to show the role of rare earth metals in creating raw material security on the example of Rwanda. It is home to some of the largest deposits of niobium and tantalum, key elements used in electronics, the aviation industry, and medical devices. The main result of the research carried out is the fact that the extraction of rare earth metals is one of the foundations of the Rwandan economy. In recent years, there has been a significant professionalization of mining practices, bearing in mind the environment, health, and safety. It was also established that the factors that pose the most important threat to Rwanda's raw material policy include the currently uneasy situation on the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo, where the largest deposits of the metals in question are located, and the negative effects of the global Sars-Cov-2 pandemic.
PL
Podstawowym celem realizowania przez dane państwo polityki surowcowej jest zapewnienie mu bezpieczeństwa surowcowego. Ze względu na postępujący rozwój technologiczny, coraz ważniejszą rolę pełnią metale ziem rzadkich. Od kilku lat stały się one przedmiotem gry politycznej między państwami, które pełnią dominującą rolę na ich rynku, tj. Chińską Republiką Ludową a Stanami Zjednoczonymi. Na swoistym marginesie dyskusji znalazły się pozostałe państwa, na obszarze których wydobywane są omawiane grupy metali. Celem podjętych w niniejszym artykule badań jest wskazanie roli metali ziem rzadkich w kreowaniu bezpieczeństwa surowcowego na przykładzie Rwandy. Na jej obszarze znajdują się jedne z największych złóż niobu i tantalu, kluczowych pierwiastków wykorzystywanych w elektronice, przemyśle lotniczym czy urządzeniach medycznych. Głównym rezultatem przeprowadzonych badań jest fakt, iż wydobycie metali ziem rzadkich stanowi jeden z fundamentów rwandyjskiej gospodarki. W ostatnich latach obserwuje się znaczną profesjonalizację praktyk górniczych, mając jednocześnie na uwadze środowisko, zdrowie i bezpieczeństwo. Ustalono również, iż do czynników stanowiących najważniejsze zagrożenie dla polityki surowcowej Rwandy zalicza się obecnie niespokojną sytuację na granicy z Demokratyczną Republiką Konga, gdzie znajdują się największe złoża omawianych metali oraz negatywne skutki globalnej pandemii Sars-Cov-2.
15
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La réception du témoignage à l’épreuve du silence. L’aîné des orphelins de Tierno Monénembo

83%
Giguère C.
Quêtes littéraires
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2017
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issue 7
192-200
EN
From the perspective of the reader-response criticism, this article underlines the ethical and esthetical tension between the duty of memory and the unspeakable in the context of the project « Rwanda : écrire par devoir de mémoire » and specificly in the novel L’aîné des orphelins by Tierno Monénembo. Although the « horizon » of expectations typical to the commitment toward the duty of memory is reinforced by the peritext (Genette, 1987), Monembo’s novel challenges the reader’s expectations by silencing and delaying the personnal story of young narrator-survivor Faustin.This stepback from direct violence allows the novel to focus on structual forms of violence (Galtung 2010) and urges the public to question his responsability in the testimonial reception.
16
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Reconciliation Processes In Rwanda. The Importance of Tradition and Culture for Transitional Justice

83%
Myl M.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2020
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vol. 11
83-98
EN
In 1994, Rwanda suffered one of the worst genocides in history. It is estimated that up to 1,000,000 people were killed in the 100 days of mass slaughter. In 2019, 25 years after the atrocities, Rwanda and Rwandans are still involved in transitional processes aimed at rebuilding the country, handling the past crimes and, ultimately, achieving reconciliation. In the first part of the paper the significance of the reconciliation is elaborated. Reconciliation is often presumed to be one of the main goals for transitional justice and an essential element for rebuilding peace and security in post-conflict countries. It is also the process during which victims and perpetrators attain or restore a relationship and heal their trauma. In the second part of the paper, the importance of local tradition and cultures for transitional justice is discussed. The attention is paid to gacaca courts, reconciliation villages and umuganda, and to their roles in achieving reconciliation in Rwanda.
17

Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda

83%
Záhořík J.
West Bohemian Historical Review
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 2
133–146
EN
The study addresses some important issues concerning the decolonization of Rwanda as reflected mostly in Belgian archival documents. Its main aim is to analyze the polarizing ethno-political atmosphere which resulted from completely failed policy of “racial” division of natives in Rwanda into fixed categories of “Hutu” and “Tutsi”. It deals with the process of artificial ethnic categorization and its materialization in the political struggle in the last years of Belgian colonial rule which were, retrospectively, probably the most crucial and turbulent in Rwandan modern history, especially when it comes to the genocide in 1994. Proclamation of Rwandan independence in 1962, victory of the Hutu political parties in autumn of 1961, and ambivalent attitude of the Belgian administration toward increasing tensions presented the first major threat to the cohabitation of the Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda, which still remains one of the most tangible examples of the negative effects of the European colonialism, and the quick, unprepared, chaotic, and desperately underestimated decolonization which, in many other cases, led to deep political crises in Africa.
18
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The African contribution to the penalization of war crimes of sexual nature

83%
Dudkiewicz H.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2016
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issue 42
343-362
EN
Rape and other forms of sexual violence have been inseparably linked with the ongoing military conflicts. Despite the condemnation of war rape in modern times, its penalization arrived extraordinarily slowly. The last twenty years brought about a huge progress in the approach to the penalization of international crimes of sexual nature, which was developed in a hitherto unprecedented range in the jurisprudence of the international criminal tribunals, especially in Africa. The aim of this article is to present the cases of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) which had a significant influence on the penalization of war crimes of sexual nature in the Statute of the International Criminal Court and two trials of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), concerning the penalization of forced marriage. It shows how the African juridical traditions contributed to the problem of the penalization of sexual war crimes.
19
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Trudne pojednanie w Rwandzie

82%
Stelmach D.
Teologia i Moralność
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2018
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vol. 13
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issue 2(24)
243-252
EN
Rwanda is associated with the tragedy of genocide in 1994, but recently it has become an example of the reconstruction of the country and the development of the economy. In the context of forgiveness and reconciliation, the country is still on the path to full reconciliation. Father Janvier Gasore SAC describes his story of forgiveness and reconciliation, how he faced the difficult reality of his village, where almost all of his family died, and how he helped the prisoners from Gikondo. Reconciliation in the life of Father Janvier Gasore SAC takes place in specific life situations during a meeting with victims and torturers. The method for successful reconciliation is the application of forgiveness and abandonment of retaliation, proposed by the Catholic Church. In this way, the further escalation of evil stops and begins to look differently at the other man who until recently was my enemy. An important novelty of Janvier Gasore’s testimony is the fact that Gacaca - popular tribunals that judged the guilty of genocide existed earlier than in 2001. The rise of the first Gacacas was with the blessing of the Catholic Church, with a large reserve of state authorities. It is only after 2001 that the state authorities take over this idea to deal with the necessity of mass perpetration of those who are guilty of genocide. Nowhere in the literature on the subject could one find information concerning the existence of Gacaca by 2001. Another important element of the testimony is the memory of martyrs among the people of the Church. At present, the marginal participation of priests in genocide is more often emphasized, ignoring the martyrdom of 250 clergy of the Catholic Church.  Most often they died in defense of innocent people.
PL
Rwanda kojarzona jest z tragedią ludobójstwa w 1994 roku, jednak ostatnio staje się przykładem odbudowy kraju i rozwoju gospodarki. W kontekście przebaczenia i pojednania kraj ciągle jest na drodze do pełnego pojednania. Ksiądz Janvier Gasore SAC, opisuje swoją historię przebaczenia i pojednania, jak zmierzył się trudną rzeczywistością swojej wioski, gdzie zginęła prawie cała jego rodzina, oraz jak niósł pomoc więźniom z Gikondo. Pojednanie w życiu księdza Janviera Gasore SAC, dokonuje się w konkretnych sytuacjach życiowych podczas spotkania z ofiarami i oprawcami. Metodą na udane pojednanie jest zastosowanie przebaczenia i zaniechania odwetu, proponowane przez Kosciół katolicki. W ten sposób zatrzymuje się dalszą eskalację zła i zaczyna się inaczej patrzeć na drugiego człowieka, który jeszcze niedawno był moim wrogiem. Istotnym novum świadectwa księdza Janviera Gasore jest fakt, że Gacaca- ludowe trubunały które osądzaly winnych ludobójstwa istniały wcześniej niż w 2001 roku. Powstanie pierwszych Gacacy było z błogosławienstwem Kościoła katolickiego, przy dużej rezerwie władz państwowych. Dopiero po 2001 roku władze państwowe przejmują ten pomysł na uporanie się z koniecznością powszechnego osądzenia winnych ludobójstwa. Nigdzie wcześniej w literaturze przedmiotu nie można było znaleźć wzmianki o istnieniu Gacacy przez 2001 rokiem. Innym ważnym elementem świadectwa jest wspomnienie o męczennikach spośród ludzi Kościoła. Obecnie częściej podkreśla się marginalny udział księży w ludobójstwie, pomijając meczeńśtwo 250 duchownych Koscioła katolickiego. Najczęściej ginęli w obronie niewinnych ludzi.
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Women’s Education and Birth Control in Rwanda

71%
Gatera E.
The New Educational Review
|
2023
|
vol. 71
155-167
EN
This study examined the role of women’s education in birth control in Rwanda from 1995 to 2000. It was conducted in four provinces, including Kigali City, using a survey questionnaire to collect data using a descriptive methodological approach. The population size is estimated to be 1067 n, comprised of women aged 15 to 49. Results indicated that younger women with fertility desire between 2–3 children are 75.07%; the rural area cohabitation rate among college students is 37.82%, while the Western model cohabitation in urban areas and universities is 19.23%; and contraceptive use is 46.3% among young women and 72.34%; among married women. Therefore, there was a significantly higher correlation between women with a high level of education and a lower fertility desire, which resulted in an increase in the age of first marriage.
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