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Szkice z zakresu rzymskiego prawa karnego – damnatio ad bestias

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Kubiak P.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

2010

vol. LXXXII (82)

107-124

Damnatio ad bestias is definitely one of the most amazing institutions of Roman criminal law. It was an aggravated form of death penalty used in public procedure, mostly against noncitizens and humiliores, from I century a. D. As it seems however, it had already appeared before in domestic jurisdiction of the owners of the slaves, in the frames of ius vitae ac necis, but not as a death penalty. Such slaves were sold to lanistae in order to fight with wild animals. The interesting point about damnatio ad bestias is, that it was omitted in the legal catalogues of inflicted penalties. It was the consequence of its characteristic – it depended on organization of the games and some infrastructure, like amphitheatres or animals. So there were just few occasions during the year to inflict this penalty. Other aggravated forms of death penalty, crucifixion and burning alive, were equivalent and could be inflicted interchangeably with analyzed punishment, despite few exceptional texts. Damnatio ad bestias could be also executed in the situations of aggravation of perpetrator’s responsibility resulting from the use of arms, in cases of organized crimes or committed by night. Sometimes it was also replacing other traditional penalties, like for example poena cullei.

Szkice z zakresu rzymskiego prawa karnego – skazanie na udział w igrzyskach gladiatorskich (damnatio ad gladium ludi)

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Kubiak P.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

2011

vol. LXXXIV (84)

147-165

In Ancient Rome, there was a group of penalties closely connected to gladiatorial games, like damnation to the beasts (damnatio ad bestias), damnation to the school of gladiators (damnatio in ludum) and, the object of this paper, damnation to gladiatorial games (damnatio ad gladium ludi). As it seems, on the basis of very few textual sources, the latter was a kind of death penalty executed in the arena at noon. The condemned were supposed either to kill each other with sword, either be executed by one of them or a professional gladiator. The most interesting however is the form of functioning of this phenomenon. It looks that Roman Criminal Law did not know this penalty, there is only one doubtful legal source, which may refer to it. On the other hand, it is hard to deny its existence – quite a few historical sources confirm, that at noon a number of condemned were killed in the arena. As it seems, there was a variety of forms of executions in Ancient Rome, which took place during the gladiatorial games. They depended mostly on the discretional power of the organizer of the games and the will of the people. Damnatio ad gladium ludi was a collective category for all of them, no matter what the actual sentence stated, whether it was crucifixion, burning alive or other death penalties. In that way, it was possible to present in the arena mythological and historical enactments known from the sources.

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2 Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

1 2011

1 2010

2 Kubiak P.

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Szkice z zakresu rzymskiego prawa karnego – damnatio ad bestias

Szkice z zakresu rzymskiego prawa karnego – skazanie na udział w igrzyskach gladiatorskich (damnatio ad gladium ludi)