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EN
The paper is devoted to the last of before emigration collection of short stories by Sławomir Mrożek. Released in 1962, Rain, refers to the earlier volumes of satirical prose by Mrożek (Elephant, Wedding in Atomville), but introduces new plots which dominate in his later works. The author of the article analyses the short stories in terms of themes characteristic for the existential literature, linking the conjectures with facts from the biography of the writer. The study shows the direction in which are evolving the stories from the Rain, However, special attention is paid to the pessimistic tone texts, bringing up the subject of tragedy and absurdity of existence.
Język Polski
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2019
|
vol. 99
|
issue 4
108-117
PL
Celem artykułu jest informacja o przekładach literatury polskiej w Chinach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wypowiedzi tłumaczy o strategiach przekładowych. Druga część artykułu dotyczy tłumaczenia opowiadań Sławomira Mrożka. Na podstawie wybranych przykładów ukazano zagadnienia dyskusyjne w przekładzie, które ze względu na różnice językowe i kulturowe sprawiają kłopot tłumaczom chińskim.
EN
The aim of the article is to provide information about translations of Polish literature in China, with particular emphasis on translators’ statements about translation strategies. The second part concerns the translation of short stories by Sławomir Mrożek. On the basis of selected examples, issues worth discussion in translation studies have been shown, which might cause trouble for Chinese translators due to cultural and language differences.
EN
The subject of reflections in this article is the phenomenon of topographic imagination of Sławomir Mrożek. Tracking traces of autobiographical places in the writer’s works, the author attempts to explain the reasons for his little interest in the geographic concrete as a literary material as well as to answer the question what functions these places fulfill in "Dziennik powrotu" [A Journal of Return] and "Baltazar. Autobiografia" [Balthasar. Autobiography]. In her opinion, both the scarce presence of autobiographic places in the earlier works of Mrożek, as well as their appearance in the works referred to, remains in connection with the problem of the identity of the writer, who throughout most of his life struggled with the sense of non-existence, and after the stroke he had to redefine himself and his place in the world.
EN
The article is of an analytical nature. The author explains the specificity of a press interview and the type of communication that is characteristic of this genre. She presents the participants of the interaction: the journalist and the interview hero. Here an unusual interview with Sławomir Mrożek published in „Duży Format” (addition to „Gazeta Wyborcza”) is recalled. The author refers to this text as an example of a game and specific communicative strategy. This example and fragments of some other interviews with Mrożek prove that the hero of the interview influences the creative character of the interview itself.
SR
Istraživanja prevodâ poljske drame na jezike zemalja nastalih posle raspada bivše Jugoslavije postaju interdisciplinarni diskurs, jer je na tom području pozorišna recepcija znatno bogatija od književne, a poljska drama i pozorište zauzimaju posebno mesto u istoriji kulture južnoslovanskih zemalja posle II svetskog rata. Period od 1990—2006. godine, koji u ovom članku obuhvata analizu izdanja poljskih drama u Srbiji, specifičan je za Balkan na tlu Evrope zbog rata koji se odvijao. U vezi sa situacijom koja je paralisala kulturnu delatnost, tih godina je u Beogradu objavljena samo jedna drama u prevodu Biserke Rajčić (Noć Helvera I. Vilkvista) i četiri odlomka savremenih komada na stranicama novosadskog časopisa Polja u prevodu Zorana Đerića (Porno generacija P. Jurka, Lucija i njena deca M. Pruhnjevskog, Od danas ćemo biti dobri P. Sali, Testosteron A. Saramonoviča). Autorka u radu skreće pažnju na translatološke dileme u pozorišnim scenarijima, koji su veoma udaljeni od književnih prevoda (takođe neobjavljenih) i postulira da se primene teatrološka istraživanja kako bi se upotpunila slika o prisustvu poljske drame na mnogim slovenskim jezicima i kulturama.
EN
The research on translation of Polish drama to the languages of former Yugoslavia countries is becoming an interdisciplinary discourse. This is because the theatrical reception is wider than the literery one and Polish drama and theatre plays an important role in the history of the culture of South Slavonic countries after the World War II. The period between 1990 and 2006, that is analysed in this article of Polish drama publications in Serbia, is especially important for Balkans because of undergoing war. Due to the situation that paralyses cultural activity, therewas only one drama published in Belgrad translated by Biserka Rajcic (I. Villquist Helver’s Night) and there were four excerpts of contemporary dramas in the magazine Polja translated by Zoran Djeric (P. Jurek Porno Generation, M. Pruchniewski Łucja and her children, P. Sala Good from now on, A. Saramanowicz Testosteron). The author emphasizes translation dilemmas that emerged in theatre scenarios that are far away from literary ranslations also the ones that weren’t published. She also suggests looking at theatrological research that would show more of Polish drama in many Slavonic languages and cultures.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą interpretacji ostatniej sztuki Sławomira Mrożka, zatytułowanej Karnawał, czyli pierwsza żona Adama. Autorka podkreśla, że utwór powstał na emigracji, w Nicei, choć pomysł na jego napisanie zrodził się dużo wcześniej – jeszcze w latach 90., podczas pobytu pisarza w Meksyku. Karnawał jest dla niej kolejnym, może nawet najwyraźniejszym, dowodem na wyzwolenie się Mrożka z rodzimych obsesji i przekierowanie uwagi na sprawy bardziej uniwersalne. Swoją interpretację koncentruje wokół teorii karnawału i karnawalizacji świata Michaiła Bachtina. Wykazuje, że obraz świata przedstawionego w dramacie Mrożka świadczy o wypaczeniu pierwotnej natury karnawału i stawia pytanie o celowość takiego zabiegu.
EN
The article is an attempt at an interpretation of Sławomir Mrożek’s last play entitled Karnawał, czyli pierwsza żona Adama. The author emphasizes that the play was written in exile, in Nice, although the idea of writing it was conceived much earlier – in the 1990’s, when the writer stayed in Mexico. Karnawał for her is another, perhaps the most obvious proof that Mrożek was liberated from his Polish obsessions and directed his attention to more universal issues. She focuses her interpretation on Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the carnival and carnivalization of the world. She shows that the picture of the world presented in Mrożek’s drama proves that the original nature of the carnival is distorted and she asks the question about the advisability of using such a device.
EN
In this article we analyzed the stage interpretation of Sławomir Mrożek’s play on the scene of Tatar theatre. The performance of “Shashkan babay” (“The mad grandfather”) play was staged on the 10th of February, 2016 by Karim Tinchurin drama and comedy theatre in Kazan. It was the first staging of Sławomir Mrożek’s in Tatar language. In this article we generalize the history of Sławomir Mrożek’s plays production waves in Russia. The specifics of Polish text interpretation by producer Rashid Zagidullin was outlined. We proved that “Shashkan babay” play production continues the best tradition of Russian and Polish theatres.
8
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Jaworzno. Invisibility

83%
EN
The article discussed the literary representations of the communist labour camp in Jaworzno (1945–1956), particularly the short story by Seweryna Szmaglewska entitled Amnestia zastukała dobram (1956), a novel by Kazimierz Koźniewski entitled Bunt w więzieniu (1968), and a short story by Sławomir Mrożek entitled Jaworzno (1985). The discussion also applied to the problem of ideological entanglement of Polish literature and Polish writers (particularly during the Stalinist period), and the reasons for their (and the society’s) “overlooking” the obvious manifestations of communist terror. Its alleged “invisibility” was analogous to the “invisibility” of the crimes committed by the Nazis, allegedly not noticed by the citizens of the Third Reich. Among Polish writers, that analogy between Nazism and communism was indicated by Mrożek, while the similarities of both totalitarian systems were identified also by Szmaglewska and Czesław Miłosz.
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2020
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vol. 59
|
issue 4
115-127
EN
This article focusses on the meta-literary thread in the correspondence exchanged between Sławomir Mrożek and Wojciech Skalmowski. The latter, wondering about the actual reason why writers create literature, provocatively reduced the metaphysical dimension of a work of art to learn about its contemporary actual value; whether it is was only trade-based. Baudelaire’s work as interpreted by Walter Benjamin became a major context indicating the diversity in the perception of the analysed problem depending on historical time. The article discusses how during his exchange with Skalmowski Mrożek tried to answer the title question about the reason why he created literature, and, which is the most important, how he started focussing on elements which he previously missed or marginalised.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest metaliteracki wątek korespondencji Sławomira Mrożka z Wojciechem Skalmowskim. Skalmowski, zastanawiając się nad właściwym powodem, dla którego pisarze tworzą literaturę, prowokacyjnie redukuje wymiar metafizyczny dzieła sztuki, by dowiedzieć się, jaka współcześnie jest jego rzeczywista wartość – czy jedynie handlowa? Ważnym kontekstem, pokazującym odmienność spojrzenia na analizowany problem w zależności od czasu historycznego, uczyniono twórczość Baudelaire’a w odczytaniu Waltera Benjamina. Celem pracy jest pokazanie, jak w trakcie dialogu ze Skalmowskim Mrożek próbuje odpowiedzieć na tytułowe pytanie o powód, dla którego tworzy literaturę oraz, co szczególnie ważne – jak zaczyna zwracać uwagę na elementy, które wcześniej przeoczał, marginalizował.
EN
The myth of Prometheus belongs to the oldest and most frequently interpreted ancient myths. Over the centuries, Prometheism has deteriorated instead of evolving, and such a claim can be supported by comparing Aeschylus’ archetype with the theomachists in the masterpieces of Polish authors Jan Kochanowski, Adam Mickiewicz, Jan Kasprowicz and Sławomir Mrożek. The works reviewed in this article suggest that the types of theomachy reflects the respective dominant ideology and represents the actual position of every partici-pant in the triad: the mass – the theomachist – the deity. Prometheus, as an equal to Zeus, sacrifices himself for the inferior human “ephemerals”; in his Laments, Kochanowski creates his own anthropocentrical pantheon and demands from the resident deities to bring his be-loved little daughter back to life or at least console his paternal grief; Konrad (Forefather’s Eve), in order to liberate his ethnic motherland, requests from God to give him the power to rule the world by feelings; the lyric hero of Jan Kasprowicz (Holy God, Holy and Mighty) insists that God salvages mankind from disasters and starvation or becomes human again and come down to Earth and suffers with the ordinary people; whereas the Communist Bartodziej (Portrait), willing to fight the whole world in the name of his party leader, sacrifices the ones closest to him on the altar of Stalin, and ultimately destroys himself.
11
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Jaworzno. Niewidoczność

71%
EN
The article concerns the literary representations of the Polish communist labor camp in Jaworzno (1945–1956), especially Seweryna Szmaglewska’s short story Amnestia zastukała do bram (1956, Amnesty knocked at the gates), Kazimierz Koźniewski’s novel Bunt w więzieniu (1968, Rebellion in the prisonhouse), and Sławomir Mrożek’s short story Jaworzno (1985). The object of the paper is also the problem of ideological involvement of Polish literature and writers (especially during the Stalinist period), the reasons for “overlooking” by them (and by Polish society) the obvious manifestations of communist terror. His alleged “invisibility” was analogous to the “invisibility” of crimes committed by the Nazis, allegedly unnoticed by the Third Reich citizens. Among Polish writers this analogy between Nazism and communism was exposed by Mrożek, the similarities between both totalitarianisms were perceived also by Szmaglewska and Czesław Miłosz.
PL
Autor artykułu dowodzi, że żyjemy w epoce inflacji dzienników. Techniki antycznego i chrześcijańskiego sposobu nadawania życiu formy są dziś martwe. Dawne zasady nadawania życiu formy zostały przetworzone przez nową kulturę łączności „nowych mediów”. Ta teza jest egzemplifikowana historycznie poprzez przywołanie przykładu François Rabelais’go, Marcela Prousta oraz Georges’a Pereca. Na przekór tej tezie autor rekonstruuje dwie wielkie próby nadania sobie formy poprzez zapis: "Dzienniki" Witolda Gombrowicza oraz "Dzienniki" Sławomira Mrożka. Te dwie próby żywią się wspólnym przeświadczeniem: literatura i życie spełniają się w tylko w dziennikach. "Dzienniki" Franza Kafki umożliwiają autorowi lekturę "Dzienników" Gombrowicza, a "Dzienniki" Thomasa Manna pozwalają mu przemyśleć dzienniki Mrożka. Autor pracy stara się zrozumieć relację łączącą życie, pisanie i formę życia. Kluczowy dla autora jest trop etymologiczny: termin „dziennik” wywodzi się od łacińskiego wyrazu „diarium”, oznaczającego codzienne porcje pokarmu rozdawane żołnierzom. W tym sensie dziennik umożliwiałby życie, nie odwrotnie.
EN
The author of the article proves that we are now living in the era of diary’s inflation. Techniques of ancient and Christian modes of giving form to life are now dead. Old methods of giving form to life have been transformed by new culture unity of new media. This thesis is historically supported by recalling the examples of François Rabelais, Marcel Proust, and Georges Perec. Opposing this view, the author of the paper reconstructs two great attempts of transforming life into a text, namely Witold Gombrowicz’s “Diaries” and Sławomir Mrożek’s "Diaries", as the two works are joined by a common conviction that literature and life come true only in a diary. Franz Kafka’s "Diaries" offer the author a way of reading Gombrowicz’s “Diaries”, while Thomas Mann’s "Diaries" are helpful in reflecting on Sławomr Mrożek’s ones. In his paper, the author intends to understand the relationship between life, writing, and life form. The key etymological trope for the author is the word “diarium” from which the word “diary” is derived, and which means everyday food portions given to soldiers. In this sense, life is conditioned by a diary, not vice versa.
RU
The aim of the article is the presentation of some interesting and stimulating questions connected with the problem of eschatological codes in the Theatre of the Absurd. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the topos of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd. Because the subject has been underexplored so far, the author tries to triangulate the Theatre of the Absurd within the genre of drama first, and then moves on to the short reflection on chosen plays of Beckett and Ionesco, concentrating on the role that eschatological elements, funereal objects and eschatons play in them. The starting point of this paper could be called “eschatology of the Absurd” or “immortality deconstructed”. Meaninglessness, as the value of absolute meaning, the meaning (Sinn) and significance (Bedeutung) of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd, is also discussed. As a method of research, he proposes a short “collective phenomenological analysis”. To analyse the issue from a broad perspective, the author takes into account the relationships between the writers and their times, and refers to cultural sources, specifically the Paradox of Death in the Theatre –particularly in the Theatre of the Absurd.
EN
This article is devoted to the use of the aesthetic of marionettes in twentieth-century theatre in Poland, French-speaking Belgium and France. Starting with the treatment of marionettes in Maurice Maeterlinck’s play Interior, the analysis of plays shows the function of the marionettisation of characters and how puppets inspire authors, on different levels, in the representation of metaphysical, political or social issues.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2021
|
vol. 112
|
issue 2
153-169
PL
„Parabola” w odniesieniu do literatury XX wieku jest terminem wieloznacznym. Nazywa się tak utwory, których fabuła generuje lub przenosi z tradycji umowny kod, odsyłając do znaczeń ogólniejszych, jak i te, w których „znaczeniem ukrytym »pseudohistorycznego« utworu jest jego aktualne odniesienie” (Anna Nasiłowska). W literaturze polskiej po roku 1956 odwołującej się do epoki oświecenia, paraboliczność w pierwszym rozumieniu jest charakterystyczna dla utworów sięgających do tradycji oświecenia zachodniego. W przypadku niektórych dzieł można mówić o obu znaczeniach. Polemizując z oświeceniowym myśleniem utopijnym jednocześnie nawiązują do jego wschodnioeuropejskich realizacji, zawierają więc również element aktualizacji. Kiedy natomiast fabularną osnowę utworu stanowi wyłącznie polska historia lub literatura, dominują skojarzenia ze współczesnością. Zarówno jednak w utworach, które odnoszą się do historii Polski, jak tych, które przedstawiają raczej mentalny aspekt epoki oświecenia, przeważają barwy ciemne. Autorzy szukający w tamtych czasach punktów odniesienia dla współczesnych problemów, zamiast Wieku Świateł przedstawiali raczej obraz Wieku Mroków – mroków ludzkiej duszy i równie mrocznych wytworów ludzkiego umysłu w wymiarze społecznym i politycznym.
EN
The term “parable” in reference to the 20th century literature is ambiguous. It is used to name the pieces the plot of which generates or transfers a conventional code from tradition, referring to more general meanings, as well as to those in which “the hidden meaning of a ‘pseudohistorical’ piece is its real reference” (Anna Nasiłowska). In the Polish literature after the year 1956 referring to Enlightenment, the parabolic in the first meaning is characteristic of works that recall the tradition of the Western Enlightenment. In some pieces it is allowed to speak of two meanings. Entering into polemics with the utopian thinking of the Enlightenment, they simultaneously turn to its East-European realisations, thus also contain an element of update. However, if the piece’s structure plot is made exclusively of Polish history or literature, then associations with the present dominate. Yet, in works that invoke Polish history as well as in those that offer a rather mental aspect of the Age of Reason, dark colours prevail. Authors who in those times looked for points of reference for present problems, instead of the Age of Enlightenment presented rather a picture of the Age of Darkness—the gloom of human soul and equally gloomy figments of human mind in the social and political dimension.
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