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  1. 18 Filozofia (Philosophy)

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1
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SPATIAL ASPECTS OF THE SCIENCES IN POLAND (Przestrzenne aspekty nauki w Polsce)

100%
Olechnicka A., Ploszaj A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2009
|
vol. 45
|
issue 2(180)
155-171
EN
The article applies some scientometric indicators to evaluate spatial distribution of the Polish science potential. On the base of empirical studies, it discusses the following issues of research: outcomes, cooperation, field specialization, quality, and effectiveness. The authors develop their own research approach based on analysis of bibliometric data as well as scientific projects data. They describe some directions of possible future applications of the presented methodology.
2

O POVAHE FILOZOFIE Z HISTORICKO--PRAGMATISTICKEJ PERSPEKTÍVY

80%
Labuda P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2018
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vol. 73
|
issue 5
366 – 377
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine the nature of philosophy from the historical-pragmatist point of view. In the first part, the paper deals with the meaning holism and family resemblance of various exemplifications of philosophy, which are taken as presuppositions of our approach which define philosophy as an activity. In the second part, the paper criticizes those approaches which define philosophy as a quasi-science or a super-science. In the third part, the paper finally offers a definition of philosophy as a two-way intellectual activity consisting in outsourcing and insourcing of open questions and solutions.
3
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Sociologie vědy a sociologická metateorie

80%
Petrusek M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2007
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vol. 16/29
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issue 2
31-59
EN
The article surveys the ways science was thematized as a sociological subject. It starts with the reflections on knowledge and science in the Enlightenment, further reviews the main contributions of Comtean philosophy and sociology of science, stresses Merton's role in making the traditional sociology of knowledge open to empirical research, and traces the subsequent development of the field: the progress of quantitative analyses and ethnographic researches of science, the Kuhnian turn towards historicizing and Foucaultian turn towards the politics of science, the evolution of cognitive sociology of science, as well as the inspirations drawn from works of Bloor, Barnes, and Latour.
4

ŽENY V INTELEKTUÁLNÍCH PROFESÍCH V PRVNÍ POLOVINĚ 20. STOLETÍ

80%
Musilová D.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 1
49 – 61
EN
Women began to come in the intellectual professions in large numbers after World War I. Until then the most numerous group was formed by teachers. At the turn of 19th and 20th century, physician, pharmacist and teacher were on the increase. After the First World War, women have penetrated also into science, first into medicine. Lawyers had the greatest difficulties in finding employment. The situation improved after several interventions of women’s organizations in the early thirties of the 20th century. However, stereotypical thinking and fear of men from qualified female competition still persisted and saw the woman primarily as wife and mother.
5

Zrození moderního umělce a kritika v Čechách: umění, věda a objevení času

80%
Andel J.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2008
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vol. 17/30
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issue 2
133-147
EN
In his article, the author traces the changes that took place in both art and science in the Czech Lands in the course of the 19th century. In the works and commentaries of such painters as Karel Purkyne or Sobeslav Pinkas, he finds early signals of the emergence of modern art. Even the scientific findings of Karel Purkyne's father, J. E. Purkyne, a renowned natural scientist of his era, divulge links to modern art-forms, such as cinematography. The exchange between art and science is apparent, for example, in the geological inspiration for Adolf Kosarek's paintings. What is particular about such works and scientific endeavors is their disruption of the static imagery and emphasis on the flow of time. The rise of urbanism and, consequently, of individualism, brought the passing and linear conception of time to the fore. Andel claims that this 'discovery of time' was a crucial element in constituting both the modern artist and critic.
6

Společnost jako sociální konstrukce a text

80%
Petrusek M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2008
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vol. 17/30
|
issue 3-4
5-54
EN
The moderate interpretation of the Thomas' Theorem suggests little more than a failure at the assessment of objective situation. Its radical interpretation allows thinking the existence of new social reality. The postmodern condition facilitates this understanding. The underlying idea is not recent; Marx's theory is a precursor to the constructionist approach. The canonical foundations of social constructionism were laid by Berger and Luckmann, who sought to reconcile Weberian and Durkheimian traditions in their concept of the social construction of reality. Phenomena like gender or consumerism appear to be suitable objects for such an approach. Attribution of meaning in culture nonetheless offers to expand the principle to any domain and, in some cases, such as the labeling theory of deviation, it tries its own limits. Applied to science itself, the principle raises questions about the status of scientific knowledge that circumvent epistemological issues. Social constructionism is itself surpassed by the linguistic turn and discursive theories of society. The notion of society as text may challenge realist and objectivist positions. In order to remain productive, however, the notion must retain the presupposition of order and rules of reading and thus admit that, actually, society is not merely a text.
7

CURIOUS THOUGHT ON THINGS LIKE LITERATURE - WHAT IS IT FOR ?

80%
Janousek P.
Slovak Review. A Review of World Literature Research
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2005
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vol. 14
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issue 1
78-89
EN
The article gives consideration to the question of humane thinking in the context of what is usually perceived under the notion of science. Its argumentation rises from a linguistic paradox: the word 'science' is in nowadays Czech (but as well in other languages) used so to speak entirely in singular - despite the fact that the single/uniform de facto does not exist and the word 'science' is just an abstract notion, which hides a lot of very diverse 'sciences'. The polemic thorn of the reflection points against mechanic identification of all the sciences only with certain scientific branches and against the idea that approaches, methods, customs and criteria used by these sciences have obligatory value for the whole 'science', while the approaches, methods, customs and criteria used by other sciences are unscientific, or at least suspicious. The article gives notice of the fact that in other disciplines common ideas about the science as a synonym for the new discoveries, technologies, approaches, goods or therapeutic methods are not valid. On the example of the thinking on literature points that there exist 'curious' sciences that do not directly change the world of man but they 'just' explain it, for they are devoted to the sphere of human existence, which is practically impossible to reduce to mathematical models. Key words for these sciences are not words as 'exactness, empiricism, experiment and statistics' or words like 'progress and development' but collocations 'creative memory'. It is their own reason, purpose to preserve the awareness of the given society of itself and its ability of creative thinking - leading a ceaseless dialogue with itself and its environment. Another fact arises from this: while in common mechanic concepts 'science' has global dimension, 'curious' sciences are local and are existentially connected with a quite concrete collective, be it defined by nation, language of territory. Without this collective they would not exist - and on the contrary, these collectives would lose constituent part of their identity, which they are distinguished by. Other specific qualities of 'curious' sciences and different ways of their functioning grow from the described features, and these are analyzed in the major part of the article.
8

SOCIÁLNY OBRAT VO FILOZOFII VEDY A JEHO DÔSLEDKY

80%
Szapuová M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2013
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vol. 68
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issue 8
641 – 651
EN
The paper sheds light on the social turn, i.e. a turn to the social dimensions of scientific knowledge, as observed in current philosophy of science. This turn is discussed in the context of the main debates on science in the 20th century philosophy. After the domain, in which the turn is taking place, is identified, the author proceeds to the indication of its sources as well as the main epistemological issues influenced by it. Several ideas brought to the forefront by the social turn are highlighted, too.
9
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Max Horkheimer o relacjach między filozofią i nauką w dobie kryzysu kulturowego

80%
Walentowicz H.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 3(189)
359-373
EN
The paper deals with Horkheimer’s view on the relation between philosophy and the sciences. It also presents his ideas concerning the aims of study as well as discusses his account of authentic education. These problems are addressed not abstractly, but in the context of Horkeimer’s social and historiosophic diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, the authoress shows the difference between the results of the Critical Theory and the conceptions grounded in tradition. The main thesis of the paper manifests itself in statement that Horkheimer’s remedy for the crisis of the European culture is the philosophical self-reflection; in other words, he postulates the primacy of philosophy in respect to sciences, that is, wisdom in respect to knowledge.
10
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„ODKOUZLENÍ“ VERSUS SEKULARIZACE?!

80%
Havelka M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2012
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vol. 44
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issue 5
564 – 578
EN
In the context of the constitutive antinomy of German intellectual life at the end of 19th century and the bifurcation of subject and object, this essay attempts to reconstruct the original intentions of Weber’s concept of Entzauberung (elimination of magical powers) of life and the world. It shows the weaknesses of a one-dimensional identification of the term Entzauberung with secularisation. It argues that it was not Weber’s aim to capture the cultural and social processes of the de-religionalization of both the public and private sphere, or the process of the expulsion of belief from everyday life. On the contrary, he strove to critically interpret the social and cultural consequences of the development of science and an increasing rationalization of life. There were two consequences, according to Weber. First, religiosity and belief changed in relation to the privatization and subjectification of traditional values (such as good, beauty, hope, etc.) which brought an increased danger in that these values can be externally manipulated. Second, various forms of “religious” ideologies were produced and resurrected. From this perspective, Entzauberung is a phenomenon parallel to secularisation, and not one of its forms.
11

Nauka i jej konteksty w e-wydaniach „Faktu”

80%
Piechota M.
Oblicza Komunikacji
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2011
|
vol. 4
165-180
EN
Poland entered the 21st century with the aim of transforming its economy into one that is based on knowledge. Completing this goal is largely dependent on members of society, who need to continuously develop their expertise, and learn to transfer it to the economy. Such an attitude to education can certainly be shaped by the media, and not only by opinion-forming quality newspapers and magazines, but also tabloids, whose wide readership makes them particularly influential. This article represents an attempt to examine how the tabloid press depicts science, knowledge, and learning. To that end, an analysis is made of a body of science-related texts published between August 2008 and May 2009 in the online edition of the Polish daily tabloid newspaper “Fakt.” For the purposes of this content and style analysis, the texts are broadly divided into two categories: depictions of the work done by scientists and its effects, and narratives about celebrities which are connected with science or learning. The analysis leads to the following conclusions: 1) science and knowledge account for a significant part of news coverage in “Fakt,” 2) scientific achievements are generally presented as positive and applicable to everyday life, 3) the authority of scientists is used to lend credence to unlikely or trivial information, 4) although scientific news in “Fakt” is occasionally sensationalized (a typical feature of nearly all tabloid texts), citing experts and research results seems to primarily serve to systematize the reader’s knowledge and ideas about the world, 5) learning is typically presented in a favourable manner, yet sometimes this process is suggested to be tiresome, 6) because science and research often demand high expenditure, “Fakt” occasionally reports on them using critical overtones, by means of which it fulfils its role as a defender of “social justice.”
12

VEDA V INFORMAČNEJ SPOLOČNOSTI

80%
Zajac Š.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
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2006
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vol. 54
|
issue 3
223-237
EN
This paper deals with science in Slovakia and in European Union. In the first part, the science in Slovakia is analysed and also described in the international context. There is concluded in this part, that desired economics, social and technological sources and institutional structures as well, are still missing. In the second part are depicted science prospects in the European Union. In the third part of the paper, the tendencies in the Slovak research and development system up to 2015 are outlined. The resources are aimed at the following priority areas: development and use of advanced technologies; support to sustainable development; rise of innovation performance in society.
13
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Zagrożenie nauką bez cywilizacji: od wiedzy do mądrości

80%
Maxwell N.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2011
|
vol. 47
|
issue 3(189)
269-295
EN
We are in a state of impending crisis. And the fault lies in part with academia. For two centuries or so, academia has been devoted to the pursuit of knowledge and technological know-how. This has enormously increased our power to act which has, in turn, brought us both all the great benefits of the modern world and the crises we now face. Modern science and technology have made possible modern industry and agriculture, the explosive growth of the world’s population, global warming, modern armaments and the lethal character of modern warfare, destruction of natural habitats and rapid extinction of species, immense inequalities of wealth and power across the globe, pollution of earth, sea and air, even the AIDS epidemic (AIDS being spread by modern travel). All these global problems have arisen because some of us have acquired unprecedented powers to act, via science and technology, without also acquiring the capacity to act wisely. We urgently need to bring about a revolution in universities so that the basic intellectual aim becomes, not knowledge merely, but rather wisdom – wisdom being the capacity to realize what is of value in life, for oneself and others, thus including knowledge and technological know-how, but much else besides. The revolution we require would put problems of living at the heart of the academic enterprise, the pursuit of knowledge emerging out of, and feeding back into, the fundamental intellectual activity of proposing and critically assessing possible actions, policies, political programmes, from the standpoint of their capacity to help solve problems of living. This revolution would affect almost every branch and aspect of academic inquiry.
14

SLOVENSKÁ TEXTOLÓGIA A EDITORSTVO V DRUHEJ POLOVICI 20. STOROČIA

80%
Hašková Z.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
|
2013
|
vol. 60
|
issue 2
143 – 155
EN
The goal of the article was to at least partly systematize the knowledge gained by the Slovak text studies as a generalizing work in this field does not exist in our country. The ideas built on the scientific articles within text studies written in the second half of the 20th century. The beginning of the Slovak text studies in the 1950s is represented by the works by Jozef Felix, Karol Rosenbaum and Mikuláš Bakoš. Later studies by Nora Krausová, František Miko and Peter Zajac form the next stage of its development and with regard to the future seem to be trend-setting. Owing to their communicative and inspiring nature, the summary can be considered a good starting point for an effective exploitation of their potential. Based on the study of the texts used at the birth of Slovak text studies it can be concluded that the most serious practical problems are related to the way texts are edited and the choice of the basic text. Using the texts written by younger authors the scientific character of the text studies was demonstrated as well as how they are bound with literary theory and why they are important for the correct understanding of literary texts. The summary and assessment of the Slovak text studies in the article map their most important topics and debatable issues, relate the results of the research by the literary scientists engaged in this field and draw attention to their various approaches. They also raise questions about the direction of the Slovak text studies in the future.
15
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Daimonion Sokratesa, neuroza Kierkegaarda, szaleństwo Nietzschego. Psychologia twórczości naukowej, metodologia badań naukowych

80%
Bobryk J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2011
|
vol. 47
|
issue 1(187)
29-40
EN
(Polish title: Daimonion Sokratesa, neuroza Kierkegaarda, szalenstwo Nietzschego. Psychologia twórczosci naukowej, metodologia badan naukowych). The first part of the paper presents the discussion concerning the relations between psychological development, psychopathology and creativity. Kazimierz Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration provide the conceptual framework of the undertaken discussion The second part of the paper considers the role of psychological crises and unconsciousness in creative processes and creative behaviors of scientists.
16
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Whitehead's First Coming to Terms with the Legacy of Modern Science and Philosophy

80%
Andrle M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
|
2007
|
vol. 16/29
|
issue 1
75-112
EN
This article summarizes the underlying points of Whitehead's first systematic critique of the 'materialistic' theory, which dominated modern scientific reasoning, as well as the philosophical motivation of his criticism of modern epistemology that originated as a result of a specific link towards science. Together with an outline of Whitehead's critique, this study offers a number of illustrative quotes from the works of thinkers against whom Whitehead delineated his own philosophy since his own texts do not systematically come to terms with primary literature. In conclusion, this study sketches out the key traits of Whitehead's own position representative of the particular phase of his thinking under scrutiny.
17

PESSIMISTIC INDUCTION AGAINST SCIENTIFIC REALISM

80%
Park S.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2014
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
3 – 21
EN
There are nine antirealist explanations of the success of science in the literature. The author raise difficulties against all of them except the latest one, and then construct a pessimistic induction that the latest one will turn out to be problematic because its eight forerunners turned out to be problematic. This pessimistic induction is on a par with the traditional pessimistic induction that successful present scientific theories will be revealed to be false because successful past scientific theories were revealed to be false.
18

TRÁPENÍ MŮŽE BÝT KULTIVACÍ. ALE PŘESTÁVÁ TAK BÝT TRÁPENÍM?

80%
Peregrin J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2017
|
vol. 72
|
issue 7
581 – 585
EN
This article responds to the criticism of M. Zach, who challenges my view that it makes no sense to try to prove metaphysical realism. The author argues that Zach's criticism is based on several confusions and that the conclusion he eventually reaches is not far from what the author has been claiming from the beginning.
19

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL HORIZONS IN THE NEW ERA OF SCIENCE

80%
Melnyk L. G., Dehtyarova I. B., Shevtsov S. V.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2011
|
vol. 4 (54)
en
EN
The article is dedicated to the scientific issues, which were in the focus of the World Science Forum, held 17-19 November 2011 in Budapest. The article reveals the problems of new scientific superpowers emergence, as well as the emergence of new fields of science, new opportunities for scientific cooperation at the global level, new models and regulations in science policy. The consequences of scientific discoveries and the role of science in solving different pressing global economic, social and environmental problems are tackled in the article.
20
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Úvahy o Mathesiově pojetí vědy, jazyka a gramatiky

80%
Danes F.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
|
2005
|
vol. 66
|
issue 2
83-98
EN
The then-non-standard conviction of V. Mathesius - that science is an ongoing process of constructing truth and that human cognition represents a simplified reduction or epistemological stylization of experience - now appears to be in accordance with major present-day philosophical approaches. Mathesius' viewpoint followed primarily from his pronounced activist nature and self-reliant way of thinking, partly influenced by the ideas of E. Sapir, A. Marty, and analytical philosophy. In this study, the philosophical ambience of the Prague Linguistic Circle at that time is also examined. Mathesius understood language as communicative competence, implying communication skills in addition to the system of means. Given that he viewed the utterance (the processes of its encoding and decoding) as a legitimate object of linguistic study, he appears to be a predecessor to modern text linguistics. This study reconsiders Mathesius' functional grammar project, inspects the development of the ideas behind it more closely and states its psycholinguistic basis.
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