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EN
Starting with Mao Zedong’s “Talks at the Yan’an Forum” delivered in May 1942, literature in China was seen as the key tool of propaganda. Censorship has been a natural part of the Chinese literary system established after the founding of the PRC. The centralized, state-controlled literary establishment was gradually abolished during the post-Mao era, but the basic principles in the official Party discourse remain. Two case studies focused on one of the most sensitive topics, minority nationalities, provide a deeper insight into the ideological back-grounds and aims of Chinese censorship, which can be summed up by notions of social harmony and stability.
EN
This study does research into practices aimed at blocking “unsuitable” films from exhibition in contemporary cinematography. There are several examples of authors who have been subjected to pressure whose aim was to prevent particular films from being screened. The post-1989 period has seen the emergence of a new phenomenon in authorial documentary film in Slovakia – personality protection. As a result of its alleged infringement, an author, distributor, or broadcaster can face a lawsuit. This can happen if they do not obtain permission for the material to be released from protagonists, a public institution which has produced it (especially a public television), or an interest group, which can be depicted critically in the film. As a result, censorship did not end in 1989. Based on the subjective wishes of modern censors, imaginary “fig leaves” still cover unsuitable passages, themes, or whole films. The only defence authors can resort to is an intervention into the work as an act of self-censorship or a defence of their authorial intent before court.
EN
Restriction of information dissemination on the Internet has various facets and follows various goals. In general, in democracies, it is only allowed upon meeting the standards of balanced rights, freedoms and overriding interests – freedom of expression/speech on the one hand and the protection of rights and freedoms of other human beings or public interest on the other. Proportionality has to be always taken into account in order not to disproportionately affect (limit) fundamental rights. Besides governmental restrictions, private restriction of information dissemination is also present, performed by religious groups, both public and private mass media and private individuals and corporations. Two types of restrictions – technical and non-technical can be discerned. From another point of view, self-censorship, or internal restriction can also be distinguished as opposed to external restrictions. Finally, preventive and repressive restrictions are being applied.
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