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EN
The present paper discusses the processes of servitisation of modern economies. Presented is the nature of the process, its theoretical underpinnings, and the basic aspects of the relation between servitisation and optimalisation of economic structure, as well as the optimum relationship among particular sectors of the economy. The author stresses that servitisation should not happen to the detriment of the other economic sectors.
EN
Homeless people are one of the most endangered groups of social work. They are multiply marginalized, discriminated in living conditions, financial aid, in the labour market and in supportive relationships. They require crisis intervention due to superimposed problems as a result of which they are in danger of health and life (Olah and coll., 2006). From our experience, we would like to state that there is no way to objectively assess why someone became homeless. Speculation that "it is their fault, they can blame themselves" and so they must help themselves to get off the streets, we consider very unprofessional. None of the people on the street planned to live their lives like this. Those, who has chosen this way of life seemingly freely, responded this way to the uncontrolled living situations such as: divorce, illness (to which belong also addiction), unfavourable social situation and the material need etc.. The causes are fairly well described and well known to the general public. Much less are described obstacles to their return to the intact society.
EN
The main aspect of this paper is to present main aspects of the non price criteria which are connected with tourist services competitiveness. There were presented main groups of the elements which are creating tourist services as well as elementary elements in each of these groups. Authors present also research of customer point of view in tourist services value chain context connected with the main groups of the tourist service elements.
EN
In the work presented we have analyzed the sources of formation the Soviet International Mission in Mongolia. Its development was conditioned by the factors, originated in the second half of the XX-th century (Soviet-Chinese conflict in 1960 years). In 1966 after signing the Soviet-Mongolian treaty the Soviet troops were brought into Mongolia and the Soviet experts began arriving in it. They came to build civil and military objects, mine uranium and copper, work at schools and hospitals. Though the experts from all countries of Eastern block worked in Mongolia, but the majority of them were the citizens of the USSR. They lived in their specific world (community): reserved and hostile to the local people. They formed their own system of consumption of commodities and services, built their (military) cantonments which as a matter of fact were on exterritorial rights. The article is based upon the published memoirs, interview, as well as data from the Internet forums dedicated to problems of the Soviet presence in Mongolia.
EN
This article has as purpose to analyse the intervention of the state in the economy, it is in the services of general interest, under the Italian and Polish competition law. In this evaluation the first consideration is about the framework under EU law, then Constitutional sources and various laws on services of general interest, with particular regard to competition law, and eventually their functioning at local municipal market level, in Italy and after that in Poland. This assessment will show the values, rules and solutions shared by both the Legal Systems, as well as the differences. The main differences are the lack of the core definitions in Italian law and the evolution of Italy towards a federal state, this means a new distribution of legal and administrative competencies between central and local authorities with the relevant drawbacks in law allowing anticompetitive behaviours on local municipal market level.
EN
The paper aims to highlight the importance of services as an integral component of international trade and, in particular, to identify structural determinants affecting their balance. The analysis is made using panel regression for 1980 – 2016 and includes all the world countries. The text is based on approaches of international trade theory concerning specific features associated with services. Significant factors affecting the balance of services include the presence of foreign direct investment, financial sector development level, geographic factors, human capital stock and interaction between the balance of services and balance of goods.
EN
The growing importance of services is seen in the modern world as a requirement for civilisation’s proper economic development. Services began to expand in the mid-twentieth century, and have gone on to become a leading economic sphere in highly developed countries. Increased efficiency often has a decisive impact on the productivity and competitiveness of economies and GDP. At the same time, it has started a constant evolution of the requirements, resulting in the quick development of specialist companies that meet market expectations. Global transactions require from market participants up-to-date knowledge of international regulations. Continuous training of employees is not only expensive but also does not allow operators to focus on their core business, which is why they come more and more to rely on the purchase of professional services that meet their expectations. The transnational movement of services is therefore the result of the use of the latest assistive technology and knowledge of the global economy. It is not only their reach and accessibility that accounts for the popularity of services, but also the opportunity to acquire specialised services. One result of this popularity has been the development of financial and accounting outsourcing.
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COMPETITION ON THE POSTAL SERVICE MARKET IN POLAND

100%
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2010
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vol. 5
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issue 1
184-190
EN
Services play an important role in the Polish economy alongside industry, construction, banking or agriculture. On the European Union markets services represent the dominant area of economic activity. This position is exemplified by the number of employees in that sector of the European Union economy providing jobs to about 75% of the total EU professionally active population. Results of the analysis of source materials concerning the level of competition in the postal market indicate its rapid development, including fierce competition in the sector of services allowed for every operator after obtaining the concession as well as completely deregulated postal services. In the reserved services market only the monopoly of the Polish Post Office continues in providing services of general nature.
EN
In 2000, a new round of WTO negotiations on services was launched, called the Uruguay Round agreement. These negotiations were conducted during the Doha Round in 2001. The talks aimed to increase the sectoral coverage of commitments. During the Doha Round the improvement of GATS commitments was offered, but the gap between offers and actual policy remains large. The best offers submitted so far improve current GATS commitments by about 10 per cent, but remain on average twice as restrictive as actual policy. They generate no additional market opening.
Pieniądze i Więź
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2010
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vol. 13
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issue 1(46)
195-209
EN
ICTs are developing in China and India particularly quickly. Both countries have taken opportunities provided by globalization, huge human capability, long lasting tradition and culture, efficient reforms and decisions at country level, and rely on ICTs and use it much more than other countries, launch and promote technological solutions, including services, expanding the role of the third sector in the economy of these countries. It is quite important, to note that in developed countries share of services in the economy is high and increases relatively slowly (if at all), whereas in developing countries this is still a dynamical process. This is visible especially in China and India, where the transformation is omitting industry (people substitute their agriculture-related occupations directly with service-related jobs). Many challenges and questions concerning ICTs in China and India remain unanswered and wait to be investigated by economy researchers. Does current understanding of economic notions apply to the reality of the 'new economy'? What factors stand behind this unprecedented ICTs sector and ICTs use development in the mentioned two countries? What is the role of ICTs in servicisation of the both economies? And what influence does it have on their economic development?
EN
Abstract: Many analysis and studies confirm that there are differences subsequently disappear between technology and non-technology innovation character, by ICT introducing are the products innovated, processes and organization structure of the service enterprises. Many factors effect on the character and innovation activity intensity in the services. Initial platform is the implementation of the innovation on the macro-level supported by the state policy. Slovak republic in European context queues into the countries with the non-adequate pursued innovation policy in practice. Service sector heterogeneity included knowledge-intensive services as well as less sophisticated services targeted on the knowledge is the next factor that influences on the innovation activity of the services. Therefore it is important to identify the key areas of innovation implementation according to individual section production character of the services, in conformity with the business strategy and with the acceptation of the specific service properties.
EN
Small and medium sized businesses consider marketing and outlet processes to be a critical factor in gaining higher competitiveness. Increased usage of information and communication technologies and studies which validate a positive influence of these technologies on economic growth creates a question of effective management of investments into such projects. Hypotheses regarding the influence of chosen electronic services for outlet channels on chosen economic indicators are discussed in this article. The research was carried out using a questionnaire survey of European initiative e-Business w@tch. The results, on the base of decision trees, confirmed positive influence of chosen solutions and point to the fact that investments into these projects have to be directed at some of the high-effective tools, not at complex solutions.
EN
In the article the author analyzes the major causes of the outbreak of the economic crisis in Greece. In his opinion they are: mistaken economic policy of the state, not taking structural changes of the economy and not using the chances of globalization and the membership in the European Union to increase the competitiveness of the economy. The author also shows the chances to solve the crisis.
EN
Single market is the basic pillar of the EU’s economic integration. Its functioning influences Union’s economic growth and its global macroeconomic performance. Article analyses current state of market integration resulting from economic freedoms of common market – free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital. Key areas where economic protectionism of the EU member states persists are in focus. Even though goods and financial markets were already integrated to a large extent, services, labour, and public procurement markets are still national in character. Macro- and microeconomic effects of the creation of single market are also constituent part of the analysis.
EN
Intensification of competition at the market requires paying more attention to marketing communication issues. Marketing communication based on effective communication strategy including the using of optimal communication mix can be considered just as a source of competitive advantage for service-base enterprises in tourism, too. That is why the authors focused their research on this issue. The article presents partly results and conclusions of theoretical research and also empirical survey of marketing communication of service-base enterprises in tourism from region Liptov. In the last part of the article they present one of the options or ways how to optimize decision-making process of the marketing communication tools choosing or the optimal communication mix compilation. They give the example of the application of multi-criterion valuation of more variants/alternatives. Decision making process is supported by programme Expert Choice.
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