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SICLES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL GRAVES IN SLOVAKIA

100%

Borzova Z.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2006

vol. 54

issue 2

209-237

The paper discusses the results of the analyses of 85 sickles revealed in the early medieval graves of the inhumation burial places on the territory of present-day Slovakia. Sickles had been buried into graves from the 7th up to the 10th centuries and later on they appeared at the cemeteries again in the 16th-18th centuries. We meet with this phenomenon even in the 19th and 20th centuries, what is testified by a numerous ethnographic material. The reasons for putting these agricultural implements into graves in the period under study, absence of this phenomenon during the 11th-15th centuries and consequently the question of possible change of function of a buried sickle within the 10th century and then in the modern era have not been sufficiently clarified yet. Based on the recent studies, views on the function of a sickle in a grave can be divided into three groups. The first group interprets a sickle as a working implement or a symbol of farming. The sickle has to express a relation to soil, a certain connection with the agricultural production, or it serves on evidence of the local population activities and an attribute of the deceased's occupation. The second group of scholars consider a sickle in a grave to be a symbol of warfare or a weapon of the buried man. The other researchers view sickles in graves as a mean of certain magic-ritual practices, maybe the acts connected with the superstitions and the anti-revenant rituals. Increasing number of finds and using of the interdisciplinary results offer wider possibilities in clarifying the reasons for burying this agricultural implement into graves. Analyzing the burial features, characteristics of the sickles and studying of some features typical for the burial grounds where sickles in the graves occur can helped to solve the problem. Numbers of the graves with the buried sickles within a certain necropolis, situating of these graves at the burial ground, existing anomalies in the funeral rite of these graves at the given place were observed. Precise analysis of the grave features, e. g.: orientation of the graves with sickles in comparison with the others, position of a sickle in the grave, sex and age of the deceased individual in the grave with a sickle, presence and characterization of the another finds in such grave, were studied. Typology of the sickles from the graves and state, in which they were preserved, are complementing the entire analysis and thus helping the interpretation of the phenomenon.

EIN BRONZEDEPOT AUS PODKONICE, BEZ. BANSKÁ BYSTRICA

63%

Novotná M., Kvietok M.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2018

vol. 66

issue 1

1 – 26

The hoard from the village Podkonice is one of the group of hoards, found in the mountainous region in the upper Hron valley, the area stretching from the vicinity of Banská Bystrica to Podkonice, or Nemecká. Together with Podkonice, there are seven other sites with hoard finds: Baláže, Brezno, Ľubietová, Moštenica, Nemecká, Slovenská Ľupča/Podkonice. The site where the hoard was found is located in the north-eastern part of the area of Podkonice, at the place called Igovo. The hoard was found by local people before the year 2009. According to the discoverer, the hoard was located at a depth of 50 – 60 cm below the present surface. It was found in the original position. Through its excavating he did not notice any particular delimitation of space of hoard. The hoard consists of a bronze kettle in which 15 bronze axes, 4 spearheads and a sickle were found. The axes were on the bottom, the sickle among them; the spearheads were at the top. The content of the kettle consisted of objects, which were slightly damaged by use (?) or got damaged during processing. The total amount of metal in 21 objects is 3669 g. 15 axes can be divided into two types. The majority (13 pcs) belong to the socketed axes. Two of them are axes with a socket and a Y decoration. The four spearheads, of which two are decorated with an incised ornament. The sickle can be assigned to the type with the right cutting angle and two back ribs. The kettle with a handle is on the basis of some characteristics, especially the shape of the cross fixture, identical to the Merhart’s Group B. The slightly identical bottom with a standing rim also corresponds to the type B1. The outline of the lower body also suggests the type A, particularly Patay’s variant A2. In the literature directed to the bronze vessels, respectively the bronze industry in general, we were only able to find one direct parallel from Unterglauheim in Bavaria. According to the accompanying findings, both objects are dated in HB1. The damaged kettle was used for the deposition of working tools and common types of weapons. They present goods designated for trade exchange, the craftsman added some damaged products by mistake. The environment with a dominant rock massif does not give us a clear answer as to why it was deposited here. For ‘temporary’ deposition, the rock could serve as an orientation point, it could also be a place of some cult act, but the content of the kettle does not support this possibility. The character of the country does not suggest any roads suitable for transportation by use of animal force, but more likely for load bearers who were used to much heavier loads than the deposited objects, weighing only 3.5 kg.

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2 Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

1 2018

1 2006

1 Borzova Z.

1 Kvietok M.

1 Novotná M.

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SICLES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL GRAVES IN SLOVAKIA

EIN BRONZEDEPOT AUS PODKONICE, BEZ. BANSKÁ BYSTRICA