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1

„BILDWISSENSCHAFT“ – NA PRAHU NOVEJ VEDY?

100%
Horák V.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 2
136-141
EN
About ten years ago the literary William J. T. Mitchell and the literary historian Gottfried Boehm declared the iconic turn in all sciences, which should have rehabilitated picture as a specific form of constructing meaning, independent of language. Their inspiration was the linguistic turn in philosophy and sciences in the 20th century. Thereby they brought to life a discussion, which, especially in German speaking countries, is gradually rebuilding the systematic of all sciences. Still more frequent are the calls for 'Bildwissenschaft', i.e. for a special icon-science which should be at least as successful as was the linguistic turn. The paper offers a systematic outline of this discussion held during the last 15 years. In addition to that it gives the basic historical, bibliographical and institutional data concerning the rise of this new icon-science.
2

SLOVO ZA OBRAZOM, ALEBO SLOVO A OBRAZ?

88%
Michalovič P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2014
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vol. 69
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issue 1
33 – 41
EN
The paper deals with the problematic relation between word and image as articulated by Claude Lévi-Strauss’s and Roland Barthes. Occasionally, both of them analysed this relation. Lévi-Strauss was convicted, that the principle of double articulation, discovered by structural linguistics, can be applied even on fine art, although he acknowledged, that the principle doesn’t operate universally. Early Barthes was a persuaded supporter of semiology built on structural linguistics base. That led him to a privilege verbal language among other semantic systems. For him as well as for other French structuralists, verbal language was a system mixed with other system, which makes the understanding of rituals, military commands, pictograms, images etc. possible. Later, he made substantial amendments, which led him to accepting the irreducible autonomy of image and its independence of language.
3
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Kontexty znaku a (ne)záměrnosti v teorii Jana Mukařovského

88%
Kubínová M.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
|
2010
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vol. 58
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issue 6
783-790
EN
The author’s starting point is Mukařovský’s Záměrnost a nezáměrnost v umění (Intentionality and Un­intentionality in Art, which was originally presented to the Prague Linguistic Circle in 1943), and she asks whether with this essay, written at the very close of Mukařovský’s structuralist period, Mukařovský’s overall view of the work of art was changed. This essay seeks to provide a detailed analysis of the relations (its contexts and encounters) between three terms: the work, the sign, and intention. In the changes that the conceptions of the three terms underwent one also observes shifts in Mukařovský’s structuralist conception, which is underpinned by these terms.
4

DERRIDOVA KRITIKA HUSSERLOVY FILOSOFIE ZNAKU A JAZYKA

88%
Urban P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2012
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vol. 67
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issue 1
47 – 60
EN
The paper aims to provide a close reading analysis of Derrida’s critique of Husserl’s approach to philosophy of sings and language. Its focus is on Derrida’s Speech and Phenomena and Form and Meaning, trying to disclose the main line of his argument against Husserl’s attempt to separate the indicative and expressive functions of language sings, as well as to think language as a non-productive medium of expressing the pre-linguistic sense.
5

ASOCIANIZMUS V PRAGMATIZME: PEIRCEOVA REKONŠTRUKCIA BRITSKÉHO EMPIRIZMU

75%
Žiak J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2014
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vol. 69
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issue 4
342 – 354
EN
This article focuses on the consequences of Peirce’s aspiration to reconstruct crucial issues of modern epistemology inherent in Locke’s and Hume’s empiricism. His most important result is a unique doctrine of signs (semiotics), which he developed alongside his well-known doctrine of pragmatism until 1902 – 1903, when these two doctrines undergo a desired synthesis. The article offers an analysis of the difference between Locke’s and Peirce’s accounts of signification and – show us how Peirce reconstructs Hume’s idea of associationism. Peirce analyzes the phenomenon of mental association in three different areas: in psychology, logic, and in the so-called methodeutic inquiry, where logic and psychology cooperate. This inquiry had led Peirce to the point of intersection, where philosophical concept of habit and philosophical concept of inference meet. His pragmatic and semiotic studies resulted in a truly unique conception of meaning. To sum up: Peirce’s deconstruction of Locke’s account of signification via reconstructing Hume’s associationism creates a philosophical base of Peirce’s best known project – his pragmatism.
6
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Pohled na originální interdisciplinární, dynamickou, herní a dekonstrukčně kritickou teorii řeči

75%
Kocourek R.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
|
2006
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vol. 67
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issue 2
103-119
EN
This article presents an interpretation and critical assessment of Jan Korensky's recent collection of fifteen theoretical interdisciplinary essays (2004). The essays deal with linguistic as well as epistemological, communicative, semiotic and environmentally ethical questions integrated into a unifying philosophical paradigm. An essential component of this philosophical framework is a linguistic theory based on the primacy of parole, the dynamics of language, the conceptualized metaphor of play, and attracted by procedures of formalization and modelling. The author's major inspiration is his belief in the critical power of Derridean deconstruction. His profound motivation is a vision of giving existential hope to present-day endangered mankind by constructing a dialectically renewed rationalism and by removing or reducing existing epistemological and linguistic limitations. Special attention is paid to terminology. Key terms of the text are discussed at length and, in addition, separate essays deal with science, function, convention, paradox, vagueness and chaos. Three more specific essays concern sociolinguistic problems of the European Union and the language of a metropolis. The article also includes sections on the author's vocabulary - its multidisciplinary variety, metaphors, redefinitions and connotations, and on the complexity and readability of the text.
7

INÝ ZNAK. MIMO DVOJITEJ ARCHEOLOGICKEJ HRY MICHELA FOUCAULTA

75%
Goldschmit M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2016
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vol. 71
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issue 1
50 – 59
EN
The Faulcaultian project called The Order of Things is inseparable from its metaphoric character which has not been scrutinized as yet. The literary effects of the latter are neither accidental nor scanty; on the contrary, they are the very supporting structure of the whole archaeological project. With Foucault sign, writing, as well as literature is reduced to epistemological positions or functions; therefore, he does not explore any of them as a hyperbolic madness of a possible sense. At that time he conceived of and defined signs and tropes in the frame of historicity of semiotics and tropology. What he omitted, however, was the idea of the sign as a grapheme as well as the metaphoric character of writing and history. Foucault’s work transcends the epistemic structure of the age of representation in a baroque style: the representation takes place on archaeological level. But it is just the point he should have transcended.
8
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O wykorzystaniu pojęć semiotycznych Jerzego Kmity w opisie komunikowania niewerbalnego

75%
Angutek D.
Filo-Sofija
|
2011
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vol. 11
|
issue 1(12)
329-346
EN
The author discusses various approaches to nonverbal communication and tries to provide a general descriptive account of the problem in order to confront it with Jerzy Kmita’s theory of culture, signs, and symbolic communication. On the base of semiotic conception of Kmita, the author sketches theoretical background which opens the possibility of conventional interpretation of nonverbal communicates and presupposes their social and cultural relativization.
9
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Jazyková různost jako konstitutivní rys jazyka

63%
Vasiljev I.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
|
2009
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vol. 70
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issue 1
3-23
EN
The author submits that apart from external factors working towards diversity such as differentiation of languages, there are structural factors inherent to natural languages that generate diversity and which should be considered a constitutive feature of language. In order to facilitate the analysis of language diversity, a comprehensive model of language and communication, called anthropocentric, is proposed. It combines Ogden and Richards' semiotic triangle and Buehler's speech model in a basic case of communication between two individuals possessing the same language. Then, at least nine interfaces are identified where humans are presented with a number of equally acceptable alternative solutions for developing their language units, thus inevitably giving rise to diversity. Instances of such alternative solutions are then shown at the various interfaces, starting with ways of building the syllable and the word, then proceeding to the interfaces of lexical and syntactic meaning vs. structure of reality, of signifie and signifiant, of individual signs and the system of language, of langue vs. parole. Finally, it is suggested that the same alternatives that lead to language diversity also enable alternative solutions to specific problems of lexicon and grammar within individual languages, thus giving rise to various styles and supporting language change.
10

Ciało w kulcie pamiętane. Serbskie (siedemnastowieczne) projekcje literackie

51%
Lis-Wielgosz I.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
|
2011
|
vol. 153
127-136
EN
The basic topic of deliberation is the Serbian tradition of holiness and its functioning in the cultural system. In the seventeenth century, the cults of saints were a clear manifestation of the cultural distinctiveness and identity, as well as a key factor that integrates the Serbian community. The body, however, as a constructive ecclesiastical sign projects itself in a symbolic double-layer — the object of the cult and the subject of memory awareness. In the seventeenth century, in Serbian cultural space, the flesh in this fundamental role virtually becomes a real tool to recover memory and to reconstruct the past, but first and foremost to update the present fundamental complex of meaning in the Turkish occupation.
11

Fenomenolohia Arona Gurvicha: vytoky, zviazky, contekst

51%
Shulga O.
Sotsiolohiia: teoriia, metody, marketyng (Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing)
|
2011
|
issue 1
38-51
EN
The essay presents a phenomenological analysis of the functioning of symbols as elements of the life-world with the purpose of demonstrating the interrelationship of individual and society. On the basis of Alfred Schütz’s theory of the life-world, signs and symbols are viewed as mechanisms by means of which the individual can overcome the transcendences posed by time, space, the world of the Other, and multiple realities which confront him or her. Accordingly, the individual’s life-world divides itself into the dimensions of time, space, the social world and various reality spheres which form the boundaries or transcendences that one has to understand and integrate. Signs and symbols are described as appresentational modes which stand for experiences originating in different spheres of the life-world within the world of everyday life, within which they can be communicated, thereby establishing intersubjectivity. Schütz’s theory of the symbol explains how social entities — such as nations, states or religious groups — are symbolically integrated to become components of the individual’s life-world. The following paper reconstructs Schütz’s concept of the symbol as a crucial component of his theory of the life-world, which is seen as an outstanding phenomenological contribution to the theory of the sign and the symbol in general.
12

Symvol i teoria zhyttiesvitu: “Transtsendentsii zhittiesvitu i podolannia yikh za poserednytstva znakiv i symvoliv”

51%
Dreher J.
Sotsiolohiia: teoriia, metody, marketyng (Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing)
|
2011
|
issue 3
3-25
EN
This essay presents a phenomenological analysis of the functioning of symbols as elements of the life-world with the purpose of demonstrating the interrelationship of individual and society. On the basis of Alfred Schutz’s theory of the life-world, signs and symbols are viewed as mechanisms by means of which the individual can overcome the transcendences posed by time, space, the world of the Other, and multiple realities which confront him or her. Accordingly, the individual’s life-world divides itself into the dimensions of time, space, the social world and various reality spheres which form the boundaries or transcendences that the I has to understand and integrate. Signs and symbols are described as appresentational modes which stand for experiences originating in the different spheres of the life-world within the world of everyday life, within which they can be communicated, thereby establishing intersubjectivity. Schutz’s theory of the symbol explains how social entities – such as nations, states or religious groups – are symbolically integrated to become components of the individual’s life-world. The following paper reconstructs Schutz’s concept of the symbol as a crucial component of his theory of the life-world, which is seen as an outstanding phenomenological contribution to the theory of the sign and the symbol in general.
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