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Potratovost bezdětných žen

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EN
The authoresses examine issue of abortion in the Czech Republic in the era of socialism and in post-communism period. They compare statistical data (collected by Czech Statistical Office) and data from public opinion survey concerning abortions and reproduction trends. Data from public opinion survey differs from the statistical one and cannot prove that a special group of women prefer abortion as a solution of the unwanted pregnancy. The paper handles the topics such as models of reproduction behaviour in socialism based on statistical data. The authoresses claim that the abortion was used as a specific way of contraception before the 1989, particularly by the married women with two and more children and childless women got the abortion occasionally. The abortion rate started to slump after the decline of state socialism especially due to the spread of modern contraception. However, during the 1990s the number of childless women who got abortion increased. (http://www.genderonline.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005122101)
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K genderovým zdrojům individualizačního habitu

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EN
The text links the spread of the 'solo' living with the unequal arrangement of traditional households (either regarding respondents' families of origin or in view of the experience with their partners) which is taken as the essential source of longer term advance of the individualizing habitus. The qualitatively indicated categories highlight the mechanisms of the emergence and social reproduction of individualizing habitus. If the traditional gender split of space - men's public space and field of power versus women's private space of household and reproduction (Bourdieu 2000:85) is taken into account, the logical expression of the emerging individualizing habitus rests in the sphere of the 'solo' living where this habitus may spread irrespective of this given traditional split of space since individualized household represents private sphere and the given public consensus is not violated.
EN
The study examines stereotypes of and emotional reactions to singles by choice and singles not by choice. Participants (N = 480) read a scenario describing persons, who were either single by choice or single not by choice and rated their thoughts and feelings about these persons. Singles by choice are perceived as more lonely and miserable, and as less warm and sociable, than singles not by choice. However, they are perceived as more successful and potent. Anger and sympathy mediate the relations between choosing singlehood and stereotyping levels. These findings extend the way in which the Attribution Theory explains activation of stereotypes.
EN
Political forces dominating the mainstream of the Czech political scene accuse independently living individuals of selfish privatization and extrapolated consumerism. However, alongside this 'privatization' the shared household model of living (not in a couple or within own family) extensively spreads among independently living individuals. The milieu of this specific households, which represent so called 'chosen families' consisting of flat mates and friends in the flat or house rented in group, is along with single occupied households the source of what is described as 'urban tribes'. Precisely these independently leaving individuals and their specific structures in contrary prevent and confront the societal erosion and disintegration. Their life-styles and everyday practices extensively lead to activities contributing to community revival at the local level as well as to maintaining of an open character of the society more generally.
EN
The study, while applying the qualitative method, is focused on financially self-sufficient young people (25-33), who live alone and belong to the Catholic Church. Through qualitative interviews and their following analysis the group of religious singles is specified. This category appears to be interesting for its internal incongruity, which results from the tendency of these people not to seclude from the Christian ideal in the area of intimacy and family and, at the same time, from the need of independence and development of themselves. While in the mainstream part of society alternative partner relationships come extensively into play which enables young singles to substitute traditional relationships directed towards a long-term engagement, religious singles solve their loneliness among other things by attaching themselves to faith and religion. The research has shown the importance of religion as a 'symbolic universe', which is capable of explaining everyday experience of believers and assisting them in dealing with complicated life situations including singlehood.
EN
The article presents Polish singles' main arguments for living alone that are from micro-social level, e.g. unfortunate experiences in previous relationships, negative memory of one's parents relationship, very strong family ties, negative impression of friends' relationships, no experience in building lasting relationships, happy marriage of one's parents as an unachievable ideal, living alone as a natural consequence of being an only child etc. These general arguments have been described in relation to various reasons for which the single-men and single-women have decided to live alone. The article is based on empirical surveys which were carried out at the turn of 2006/2007.
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The article deals with the sociological, demographical and demogeographical aspects of the singles phenomenon in Europe and in Slovakia. Since issues such as the increasing number of singles, cohabitations, and individualism are being reflected in everyday popular culture, clichés arise depicting the singles as people who are high earning egoists having uninhibited sexual life. The main aim of the article is to overview the existing definitions of such phenomena since in Slovakia they are not yet conceptually, empirically and critically elaborated. Another aim of the article is to depict general situation in the European countries paying special attention to the Slovak-specific features. The singles represent and will represent serious structural element of the future demographical change. That is why they enter population forecasting and should be concerned in the population policy decisions and family planning.
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