Search results - CEJSH

1

Biblioteki dwudziestolecia międzywojennego na łamach „Przeglądu Księgarskiego”

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Olczak-Kardas M.

Studia o Książce i Informacji

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2018

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vol. 37

23-39

EN

The article depicts libraries and their functions in the interwar period as presented in Przegląd Księgarski, a paper which was the press organ of the Union of Polish Booksellers. The research has been limited to the 1918/1919–1920, 1922–1928 and 1935–1939 years’ issues. A total of 381 papers on library issues have been analyzed. The vast majority of the content was connected with Polish libraries. The articles primarily echoed bookselling-related developments in the Polish librarianship. As regards the foreign libraries, the papers mainly discussed private and public libraries, and library acts. The research has revealed a wide range of the topics addressed. Those, inter alia, involved statistical data pertaining to collections of books and readers, functions and tasks of the libraries of different types, library organization and basic procedures with special reference to the library collections policy. The articles also dealt with such major issues as the idea of the national library, legal deposit and the legal basis for library services. The reader could also find some information on union activity of the librarians, vocational training programmes and library press.

2

Kwestie prawne związane z rozwiązaniem zrzeszeń wolnomularskich w II Rzeczypospolitej

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Koredczuk J.

Prawo

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2016

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issue 321

187-201

EN

The author presents abrief overview of the importance of Freemasons in the political life of the Second Polish Republic. He then discusses the background and circumstances of the issuance by the President of Poland of adecree dissolving Masonic associations on 22 November 1938. Next he carries out adetailed legal analysis of the document, comparing it to the bill on fighting Freemasonry submitted in parliament by the MP Wacław Budzyński. He concludes with reflections on fighting political views, especially of opposition groups, by means of instruments under criminal law. That such instruments are used is evidence, according to the author, of the weakness of the political system in agiven country.

DE

Der Autor stellt in dem Beitrag zuerst eine kurze Charakteristik der Bedeutung der Freimaurer im politischen Leben der Zweiten Polnischen Republik dar. Dann bespricht er den Hintergrund und die Umstände der Herausgabe durch den Präsidenten der Polnischen Republik am 22. November 1938 des Dekrets über die Auflösung der Freimaurerverbände. Danach kommt seine eingehende rechtliche Analyse, im Vergleich zu dem Projekt des Gesetzes über die Bekämpfung der Freimaurerei, das der Abgeordnete Wacław Budzyński dem Sejm vorgelegt hat. Die Überlegungen werden mit Reflexionen über die Bekämpfung politischer Ansichten, insbesondere der oppositionellen Gruppierungen, mit Hilfe strafrechtlicher Instrumente zusammengefasst. Werden diese Instrumente ergriffen, zeugt das nach Meinung des Autors von einer Schwäche des politischen Systems in dem gegebenen Staat.

3

Prometeizm jako założenie polityczno-ideologiczne w korespondencji Polskiej Grupy Prometeusza w Londynie w pierwszych latach po II wojnie światowej

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Landmann T.

Wschodnioznawstwo

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2018

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issue 12

261-277

EN

The article presents the characteristics of Prometheism as a political and ideological concept in the first few years after the end of World War II. The analysis was based on archival material gathered in the Archives of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in London (hereinafter: AIJP in London) in Team No. 148: Prometheus, main contents contained in the correspondence (documents) of the Polish Promethean Group in London, and also in the literature. The thesis was put forward that in the first years after the end of World War II in the Polish emigration environment, Prometheism still appeared as a political and ideological assumption and also a measure whose implementation could contribute to the internal weakening of the USSR. It can be said that the implementation of the Promethean idea was continued by the Polish emigration environment also after the end of World War II. The Polish Promethean Group in London was the center of the Promethean affairs, inspiring the work of other centers, as well as analyzing the signifi cance of various initiatives inscribed in the vision of post-war Prometeism.

4

Women Police in Interwar Poland in the Light of Reports from Inspections Carried out by Stanisława Paleolog

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Gołdyn P.

Internal Security

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2020

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vol. 12(2)

275-286

EN

Although the genesis of women police dates back to 1925, not much information on the activities of this formation has been preserved until today. It is known that it was established on the initiative of the Polish Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Women and Children and its main goal was to fight prostitution, to prevent women from being taken out of the country and exploited for work as prostitutes, and later also to take care of children. The formation was supervised by lt. Stanisława Filipina Paleolog. Her duties included controlling female police officers in terms of their task performance, as well as taking care of new candidates. In the article, on the basis of archival documents, the author analyses control reports and protocols drawn up during that period, on the basis of which it is possible to reconstruct, at least partially, the history of Polish female police officers in the late 1930s.

5

Bogactwo i ubóstwo etniczne w Afryce Północnej. Polscy Tatarzy w Egipcie, Algierii i Maroku w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej

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Chazbijewicz S.

Forum Politologiczne

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2011

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vol. 12 - Problemy bogactwa i biedy we współczesnej Afryce

561-566

EN

The author of the article forwards the question about the case of the relationship of Polish Muslims community during 1918-1939 with Muslims in the Middle East. The Polish Tatars as a Muslims propagated an idea of relationship between Europe and Islamic East through the Tatars group in Poland. Some leaders of PolishTatars, Olgierd and Leon Kryczyński visited Egypt and Morocco and promoted Polish Muslims tradition as connection between European and Eastern civilizations. During the Second Polish Republic, Polish government especially Marshall Pilsudski promoted organizations of Polish Tatars e.g. The Culture and Education Union of Polish Tatars (activity during the years 1925-1939).

6

Rozwój koedukacyjnego średniego szkolnictwa ogólnokształcącego w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej

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Dormus K.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2018

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vol. 63(4(250))

44-55

PL

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, co-education on a secondary school level was still a source of controversy, resulting in a public discussion. The first co-educational secondary schools in the Polish territories were established over the course of the First World War. During that time, in light of a realistic chance for Poland to regain independence, the teaching community undertook discussions regarding the shape of education in independent Poland. Still, many people still viewed co-education with a degree of doubt. In the interwar period, however, the number of public and private co-educational secondary schools increased. They were located primarily in smaller cities. Additionally, men usually represented the majority of students. This dynamic was a result of allowing women to attend institutions that had originally functioned as all-male schools, thus creating a coeducational schooling system. The level of education in these institutions was generally low.

7

„Studium wolne” a zagadnienie kształcenia nauczycieli szkół średnich na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej

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Bartnicka K.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2017

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vol. 62(3 (245))

86-111

PL

In 1918, Poland’s education authorities began to build a uniform school system. Improving secondary education and organising teacher education were important tasks. In the 1870s education in Galicia was Polonised (including universities in Cracow and Lviv), and a system of secondary school teacher education was established. Candidates were educated at university philosophical faculties. Qualifications were obtained after passing state examinations in content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge. University studies in the Second Polish Republic were organised according to the principles of “free study”, which educated researchers. A vast majority of students undertook studies to prepare for the teaching profession. The article deals with the adjustment of ministerial regulations and studies at the Faculty of Philosophy (later Faculty of Humanities and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences) at the University of Warsaw to the needs of vocational education of teachers. Since 1926, future researchers and future teachers were subject to the Master’s degree regulations. The choice of career in teaching or in academia began only after obtaining a Master’s degree. Additionally, teachers needed to acquire theoretical and practical pedagogical qualifications: during a one-year or two-year pedagogical program organised by Bogdan Nawroczyński at the Faculty of Humanities. This period saw the development of pedagogical research and an increased interest in pedagogy.

8

Wojskowy wymiar sprawiedliwości II RP wobec działalności komunistycznej w armii — tzw. smutne procesy.

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Szczygieł T.

Z Dziejów Prawa

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2014

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vol. 7(15)

143-166

EN

Although the Peace of Riga brought an end to the military conflict between Poland and the Bolshevik Russia, the conflict continued on a different plane. Espionage, subversion, and propaganda perpetuated by the communist activists became the new area of conflict between the two countries. Military and political secret services of the USSR were able to exploit the Polish communist movement in order to achieve their own goals. In the light of those practices, both the Polish secret services and the military judiciary were under an obligation to respond. The latter could not tolerate communism within the ranks; thus, the charges of espionage, high treason, or insubordination had become an inherent part of the military judiciary practice of that time. The fight with the communist movement within the military was aided by public safety authorities and military counter-intelligence, which manifested in the trials in the form of opinions of legal experts or interviews included in the files. The communist movement, on the other hand, made every effort to ensure that the military criminal proceedings did not achieve the desired effect, establishing special guidelines in the case of an investigation.

9

Ewolucja radzieckiego ustawodawstwa cywilnego w poglądach prawników II Rzeczypospolitej.

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Mohyluk M.

Z Dziejów Prawa

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2014

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vol. 7(15)

201-209

EN

The rise of the Bolsheviks to power in Russia was accompanied by a complete overhaul of the political system as well as the entire legal system. Those changes ultimately became a potent research topic for Polish lawyers of the Second Polish Republic. Their interests ranged from the theoretical to the practical. This article attempts to describe the ruminations of Polish legal scholars concerned with the evolution of the civil law. In their work, they remarked on the departure from previous solutions, and implementation of new principles, based upon the Marxist ideology. One of the examples of such changes in the Soviet civil law was the shift of emphasis from the rights of the individual to the obligations towards the state.

10

The image of China on the pages of the periodical Naokoło Świata

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Michalewicz K.

Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia

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2018

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issue 31

132-148

EN

The main aim of this article is to present the image of China on the pages of one of the biggest Polish popular science magazines, Naokoło Świata (Around the World), which was issued between 1924 and 1939. The published articles were devoted to customs, festivals and beliefs, and often surprised the reader, displaying a poor knowledge of China. Most of the authors had travelled to Asia, hence the articles were of a good quality, but tended to contain many oversimplifications. The reason is not only the character of the magazine, but also the stereotyped assumptions of the authors of that time.

11

Social insurance in the Second Republic of Poland. Social advantage or the policy of caution

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Chylak K.

Studia Historiae Oeconomicae

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2016

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vol. 33

37-54

EN

Social insurance was conceived from a great thought of the social caution, from the thought of protection of an uncertain future. That thought of caution, during the time of development of social insurance, was implemented by the public entities on the one hand and by the civil activity on the other one. However, the process of creation of the social insurance system in Poland did not represent the policy of caution executed by the state. The only sign of caution could be seen with reference to the insurance associations as there the participants decided whether to enter the system or not whereas the state executed the policy of giving privileges to the certain social groups.

12

The History of Joint-Stock Companies in the Second Polish Republic as Exemplified by Wspólnota Interesów Górniczo–Hutniczych SA (Mining and Metallurgy Community of Interests Joint Stock Company)

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Majewski M. W.

Studia Historiae Oeconomicae

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2018

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vol. 36

43-69

EN

The article focuses on problems related to capital in Katowicka Spółka Akcyjna dla Górnictwa i Hutnictwa SA (Katowice Mining and Metallurgy Joint Stock Company) and Górnośląskie Zjednoczone Huty “Królewska” i “Laura” (Upper Silesian United Metallurgical Plants “Królewska” and “Laura”) in the years 1918–1939. The article examines particular issues of the Upper Silesian industry after the Great War, namely: concentration of foreign capital in the mining and metallurgical industries; great mining and metallurgical enterprises in the periods of both industrial prosperity and crisis; attempts to limit the influence of foreign capital following the introduction of judicial supervision over Katowicka Spółka Akcyjna dla Górnictwa i Hutnictwa SA and Górnośląskie Zjednoczone Huty “Królewska” i “Laura” SA; the emergence of Wspólnota Interesów Górniczo– Hutniczych SA (Mining and Metallurgy Community of Interests Joint Stock Company) in the final years of the Second Polish Republic.

13

Druga Rzeczpospolita między Trzecią Rzeszą i Rosją Sowiecką. Troska o zachowanie pokoju w europie a los kraju mniejszego

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Koprowski P.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2013

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vol. 4

69-87

EN

The article presents relations between the concern of Western world powers (Great Britain and France) about keeping peace on the Old Continent and a fate of the Second Polish Republic, between huge European decision-makers' aspirations and a national interest of the lesser country, situated between the powerful neighbors - the Third Reich and the Soviet Russia. It is, at the same time, a specific contribution to the essence of European order of the Interwar period. Preserving independence and territorial integrity was the superior aim of Second Polish Republic. In connection with this, the country rested on France and Great Britain, expecting their support and help. They wanted to keep peace in Europe, which seemed - in theory at least - as some hope for the Polish country, hope to save the threatened sovereignty. Nonetheless, in practice, it turned out that the Western world powers aimed at “saving” peace at all costs, at the expense of other, lesser countries, including Poland. Poland's French and British allies - as could have been expected - would have exerted pressure on the country if Germans had clearly implied on the 31st August 1939 that, in exchange for the Polish licences to the benefit of the Third Reich, they would renounce any military decisions and thus the peace in Europe would be preserved.

14

Szkoła i armia jako podmioty oddziaływania wychowawczego państwa w myśli politycznej obozu narodowego w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej w kontekście zainteresowań badawczych Ryszarda Borowicza historią wojskową, oświatą i politologią

100%

Wojdyło W.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2014

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issue 4(104)

226-238

EN

The active and direct participation of the state in the process of education was a very important and significant element that put the position of the main ideological-political formations in the interwar period in opposition to concepts constructed at the turn of the twentieth century. At the time of regaining independence, the state could be considered as one of the main subjects that were import_ant for rebuilding the awareness and collective identity of Polish people’s citizenship. Therefore, this text deals with the school and the army – institutions of educational influence during the Second Polish Republic – as the subjects of educational influence.

15

Naked eye: the Belarusian press of the Second Polish Republic in egodocuments

100%

Sluka N.

Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi

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2019

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vol. Tom specjalny: Dla Niepodległej / Special Issue: For an Independent Poland

435-444

EN

The article deals with the particular kind of documentary sources for the history of the Belarusians in the Second Polish Republic – memoirs and diaries. The memoirs of Liudvika Vojcik, Janka Bagdanowič, Marjan Pieciukievič, and also the diaries of Maksim Tank and Piotr Siaŭruk are reviewed. The article concludes that personal writings provide unique information about the Belarusian national movement and the Belarusian press that can be applied in further historical research.

16

Ukraińcy w Senacie II Rzeczypospolitej (1922–1939) — portret zbiorowy

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Szumiło M.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2020

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issue 4(159)

165-187

EN

Ukrainians were the most numerous national minority in the Senate of the Second Polish Republic. They sat in the Senate continuously for five terms: from 1922 to 1939. A total of 28 representatives of the Ukrainian population came through the Senate benches. The purpose of this article is to sketch a group portrait of Ukrainian senators. Their political identity (party and club affiliation), socio-demographic characteristics (age, social background, education, profession and social status) and career paths were analyzed. The article discusses also subsequent history of the Ukrainian senators. To sum up, Ukrainian senators belonged to the parliamentary elite mostly because of how they used their education, social status and their extraordinary personalities to the benefit of culture, education, economy and local government. The authority of the representatives of the Parliament in local communities was also built by their commitment to the fight for the independence of Ukraine.

17

Debaty wokół zakazu uboju rytualnego w II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

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Różański M., Szymaniec P.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2020

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issue 1(156)

121–146

EN

The aim of the paper is to present legal issues concerning ritual slaughter in Poland in the interwar period (1918–1939) against a broad background of journalistic writing and parliamentary debates. Herein, arguments of both supporters and opponents of ritual slaughter are presented in detail. It is pointed out that the proponents of the ban on ritual slaughter most often referred to economic arguments regarding the need to regulate the meat market, while their opponents (mainly Judaism followers) argued that it would undermine constitutional guarantees of religious freedom. The authors analyze the legislative work leading to the adoption of the Act of 17 April 1936 on slaughter of farm animals in slaughterhouses (Journal of Laws No. 29, item 237), which restricted admissibility of ritual slaughter, as well as parliamentary work on introducing a complete prohibition of ritual slaughter in March 1938 and March 1939.

18

Katolicki ruch charytatywny w diecezji łomżyńskiej w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej. Cz. 1: Struktura i organizacja

100%

Guzewicz W.

Studia Ełckie

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2021

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vol. 23

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issue 4

515-524

EN

Charity is an integral part of the Churchʼs ministry, and active charity is one of the Christianʼs basic duties (cf. Mt 25, 35-45). The Church follows in the footsteps of her Founder, who loved us and showed us this love not only through the Sacrifice of Salvation, but also through works of mercy (cf. Mt 11, 5). Therefore, he not only proclaims the love of neighbor and obliges him to perform acts of mercy, but also gives charitable activities institutional forms, making caring for the poor one of the main tasks of the deaconʼs office (Acts 6, 1-6). In Poland, the traditions of this activity date back to the beginnings of the Piast state. Over the centuries, it was mainly animated and led by bishops and religious orders, but also brotherhoods and lay people. It was similar in the interwar period and in the Lomza diocese, except that the nature and forms of this activity were adapted to the changing socio-political conditions after the war. And so, in the first period, emphasis was placed mainly on the organizational and coordination side of charity, and since the economic crisis in 1929 and the development of Catholic Action, primarily on specific charity work and refining its methods. By charity we will understand the entire charity campaign carried out in the interwar diocese of Lomza. It was based mainly on Parish Committees of Relief, consisting mainly of Vincentian associations and Catholic Action, 2) charitable institutions and foundations; 3) the activities of religious orders, in particular the Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy of Saint. Wincentego à Paulo.

19

The Concepts of Jan Kopczyński, President of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, Regarding the Formation of the Council of State in the Second Polish Republic

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Kopczyński K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 1

171-199

EN

The paper focuses on a proposal to reform the lawmaking process in the Second Polish Republic through the establishment of a Council of State. The idea of creating a Council of State to improve the quality of legislation was widespread among the Polish legal elite of that time; many representatives of the legal profession presented their ideas in various periodicals. Particularly prominent among the supporters of this concept was the president of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, Jan Kopczyński, who submitted for discussion by his fellow lawyers several proposals he had prepared for the establishment the Tribunal. The paper describes the debate over Kopczyński’s proposals by juxtaposing them with the concepts of other representatives of the legal doctrine of the Second Polish Republic and the solutions that were applied by the government in that period. The ideas for the creation of the Council of State focused on two foreign models. The first was the French Conseil d’État, which combined legislative and administrative-court powers. The second model was the Romanian Legislative Council, whose tasks were strictly limited to legislation, without the administrative-court functions. Jan Kopczyński’s concepts were closer to the Romanian model. Kopczyński submitted three proposals to establish a Council of State, but none of his proposals was implemented. A substitute for the Council of State was to be the Legal Council to the Minister of Justice, established in 1926 by a regulation of the President of the Republic, but it quickly ended its activities encountering both reluctance of the parliament and a frigid reception by the ruling elite. The fact that the Council of State was never established, although it enjoyed widespread approval in the legal community, proves that politics always has the upper hand in a clash with legal idealism.

20

Military and Civilian Requisitions in Light of the Rulings of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal from 1923 to 1931

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Konarski M.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 1

201-222

EN

The institution of military and civilian requisitions is inextricably linked with the obligation to comply with public burdens and contributions, and it may be applied both in wartime and in peacetime. In-kind contributions in the form of requisitions by competent State authorities of items necessary to serve an unspecified public purpose, usually to meet the needs of the army, have from time immemorial been among the most onerous burdens to benefit the State. Requisitions – the subject of this analysis – constitute a means of searching for items that are of interest to the army and are a direct form of duty imposed on individuals to make them contribute to the public administration, thus constituting a breach of the principle of the inviolability of private property rights. The main focus of this discussion, however, is not an analysis of the substantive legal aspects concerning requisitions, but an analysis of the body of administrative rulings on these matters. Military requisitions constituted the basis of the system of wartime contributions that gave the State, through authorized bodies, the right to demand these contributions from the population, in particular the right to transfer to the State, in return for payment, ownership or the right to use movable and immovable property, directly or indirectly needed for the purposes of supplying the army and the state upon the outbreak of war or the ordering of a partial or general mobilisation. Some cases that found their way to the Supreme Administrative Tribunal in the first years of its existence resulted from complaints against the activities of military requisitioning bodies, mainly during the Polish-Bolshevik War. Civilian requisitions, on the other hand, became the subject of the rulings of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal as a result of complaints over the obligation to provide housing for servicemen and civilian officials in the first years of a reborn Poland, the direct cause of which should be attributed to the dramatic shortage of housing during the first years after the end of the First World War.

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