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EN
Despite the elaborated techniques of electronic surveillance, personal sources of information still remain the best possible method of infiltrating a criminal milieu. Such methods gain special importance in totalitarian states. Collaborating with the Security Service almost always had some notable benefits. For some of the TWs, collaborating was an additional, sometimes quite substantial, source of income. One of repeating motives for collaboration was a will to improve one’s professional position or to easily obtain a permission to go abroad. There were also persons, who were impressed with having contacts with the Security Service functionaries. Almost all collaborators were using different forms of help from the part of the Security Service. Most of them would obtain real financial and material profits. The spectrum of favours offered to those helping the repressive state apparatus was very extensive.
EN
The political changes in the People’s Republic of Poland after 1956 meant the symbolic end of so called Stalinism. The methods of communists used in a struggle against some independent circles and pre–war political activists changed. The Security Service introduced some new forms of surveillance of nationalist circles which were inspired by the biggest political camp of the Second Polish Republic – National Democracy. The main priority of those actions was to organise as big spy network as possible. The Security Service was also monitoring the activities of some legal nationalists groups. In 1961, court of law in Warsaw sentenced several young nationalist activists who had started a secret organization called National-Democratic League. Some of them were sentenced to 2 years in prison.
EN
This article contains information and analysis of the Security Service's operational activities against the Catholic Church in Olkusz, based on an archival document produced by the security apparatus. The territory in question belonged administratively to the Krakow Province, while in the church administration it belonged to the Diocese of Kielce. The document includes a number of important issues: a description of the Catholic Church in Olkusz, including deaneries, and the description and staffing of individual religious congregations (for which the security police also kept up-to-date documentation); Catholic activities, being part of the structures of the church organization of individual deaneries and their parishes; a current list of Catholic agents and assets; agent cases conducted against individual church objects and the clergy; repression of the clergy; issues of catechization; cases of religious construction; cooperation between the security division and civic militia; difficulties in the work of the Olkusz security service in church matters; and “hotspots” in Olkusz. Thanks to the agents it acquired, the security apparatus had current information on the functioning of the church in Olkusz, especially the clergy. Therefore, it could effectively watch over the church’s activities, neutralize many of its intentions, and punish defiant clergy in various ways. This edited archival document illustrates a wide range of issues dealt with by the Security Service of the 1960s. Its form, and this systematic range of issues, was imposed from above and was compulsory throughout the entire territory of the People's Republic of Poland.
PL
Od czasu wprowadzenia stanu wojennego w Polsce Biuro Studiów Służby Bezpieczeństwa Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych miało za zadanie nie tylko prowadzić działania operacyjne skierowane wobec najważniejszych organizacji podziemia solidarnościowego, lecz także tworzyć i gromadzić materiały analityczne na jego temat. Cyklicznie opracowywano raporty zawierające liczbę osób zaangażowanych w podziemną opozycję i charakterystykę organizacji działających w jej ramach. W tego typu analizach oceniano również skalę penetracji przez różne jednostki SB (nie tylko Biuro Studiów) konspiracyjnych środowisk, starano się przewidzieć dynamikę rozwoju sytuacji w podziemiu, a także kreślono scenariusze możliwych działań, które mogłyby je osłabić. Publikowany dokument jest ostatnią taką analizą sporządzoną przed rozpoczęciem rozmów Okrągłego Stołu. Rzuca światło na ocenę podziemia, jaka obowiązywała w Biurze Studiów SB i kierownictwie MSW w tym czasie. Dokument pokazuje, że chociaż SB odnosiła sukcesy w rozbijaniu podziemnych struktur i plasowaniu w niej agentury, to jednak nie była w stanie zapanować nad nimi i wpłynąć na ich rozwój.
EN
U pon the introduction of martial law in Poland, the Study Office of the Security Service of the Ministry of the Interior was ordered not only to carry out operational activities against the most important organizations of the “Solidarity” Underground but also to create and gather analytical materials thereon. Reports were regularly prepared on the number of people engaged in the underground opposition and on the specifics of the organizations operating within its framework. Such analyses were also used to assess the extent to which underground communities had been infiltrated by different units of the Security Service (excluding the Study Office), as well as to forecast developments in the underground and to work out scenarios for potential actions that might weaken it. The published document is the last analysis of this kind prepared before the Round Table talks. It sheds light on the assessment of the Underground which was accepted by the Study Office of the Security Service and by the management of the Ministry of the Interior at that time. The document reveals that, despite of the Security Service’s successes in breaking up the /underground structures and placing its agents therein, it was not able to control them and influence their development.
PL
S łużba Bezpieczeństwa osobą Zbigniewa Herberta interesowała się przez blisko 30 lat. Początkowo próbowano zwerbować go do współpracy, a później (w związku z jego zaangażowaniem opozycyjnym) poddano rozpracowaniu. W latach sześćdzie- siątych i siedemdziesiątych działania w stosunku do niego prowadził m.in. wywiad. Jego funkcjonariusze planowali pozyskać go jako swojego agenta. Miały temu służyć prowadzone z nim rozmowy. Herbert tych rozmów – prowadzonych zresztą począt- kowo pod szyldem urzędników MSZ – nie odmawiał, nie był jednak skłonny do współpracy. Nie ukrywał też przed rodziną i znajomymi ani faktu zainteresowania jego osobą ze strony Służby Bezpieczeństwa, ani prowadzenia z jej funkcjonariusza- mi rozmów. W efekcie SB zrezygnowała z jego werbunku. Zbigniew Herbert wyszedł więc z tego swoistego pojedynku zwycięsko, choć nie bez szwanku – można się zasta- nawiać, czy w trakcie prowadzonych z nim rozmów nie powiedział funkcjonariuszom SB zbyt dużo.
EN
T he Security Service was interested in the life of Zbigniew Herbert for nearly 30 years. At the beginning, there were attempts to win him over as a collaborator, but later (due to his involvement in the opposition) he was subject to investigation. In the 1960–70s, he was a target of Intelligence Service operations, among others. Their officers planned to convince him to become their agent. To this end, they conducted talks with him. Herbert did not object to these conversations – initially conducted under the patrona- ge of the officers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs – but he was not willing to colla - borate. Neither did he conceal from his family and acquaintances the fact that he was approached by the Security Service and conducted talks with its officers. Ultimately, the Security Service abandoned the plan to make him collaborate. Zbigniew won the duel but not unscathed – one may consider whether he did not disclose too much to the officers of the Security Service during the conversations.
EN
Surveillance and communist repression of the Church in Wadowice based on selected documents of the Security Service of 1961.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono stanowisko Konferencji Episkopatu Polski w kwestii lustracji duchowieństwa, która pojawiła się w polskiej debacie publicznej w związku z oskarżeniami o współpracę niektórych duchownych ze służbami komunistycznymi. Problem lustracji duchowieństwa został wywołany głównie przez sprawę arcybiskupa Stanisława Wielgusa. Postawa Kościoła hierarchicznego wobec problemu lustracji duchowieństwa spotykała się z nieraz z bardzo krytyczną oceną. Nie brakuje opinii, że sprawa nie została wyjaśniona do końca i właściwie. W publikacji zastosowano podejście i metody badawcze właściwe dla nauk o polityce i administracji, w tym analizę źródeł, analizę systemową oraz metodę genetyczno-historyczną.
EN
This paper attempts to analyse the stance of the Polish Bishops’ Conference on the subject of lustration of clergy. The issue emerged in Polish public debate, due to allegations that certain clergymen co-operated with communist secret service. In the after-war period, the Polish Church was a subject of repressions and advanced surveillance from the Security Service functionaries. The issue of lustration of clergy emerged mainly in connection with the case of archbishop Stanisław Wielgus. The research approach and methods appropriate to political and administrative sciences were used, including source analysis, system analysis and a genetic-historical method. The stance of Polish Church hierarchy towards the lustration of clergy was often criticised. There are many opinions implying that the problem was not clarified entirely and properly.
PL
Niniejsza edycja źródłowa prezentuje dokument wytworzony przez funkcjonariuszy aparatu bezpieczeństwa KW MO w Kielcach w październiku 1961 r. Zawiera on informacje na temat duchowieństwa diecezji sandomierskiej. Został on wytworzony w ramach teczki zagadnieniowej o kryptonimie „Wisła” (rozpracowanie Kurii diecezjalnej w Sandomierzu i seminarium duchownego w tymże mieście). Dokument ten jest typową dla tych teczek „kontrwywiadowczą charakterystyką zagadnienia”. Dodatkowo zawiera on „kierunkowy plan operacyjnych przedsięwzięć”. Analiza tego źródła pozwala na określenie skali inwigilacji, której poddanie zostali kapłani wspomnianej diecezji. Prezentowany dokument zawiera szereg przypisów, które wyjaśniają trudniejsze sformułowania, używane przez funkcjonariuszy bezpieki, skrótowo przybliżają sylwetki wymienionych w nim księży oraz rozwijają problematykę relacji państwo – Kościół w okresie PRL.
EN
This source edition presents a document created by the officers of the Se­curity Service at the Voivodeship Police Headquarters in Kielce in October 1961, containing information on the clergy of the Sandomierz diocese. It was kept as part of a case file entitled "Wisła" (surveillance of the diocesan curia and the seminary in Sandomierz). The document is a typical example of "counter-intelligence features of a case." In addition, it contains a "direc- tional operational plan of undertakings". An analysis of the source allows us to determine the scale of surveillance to which the priests of the diocese were subjected. The present edition of the document contains a number of footnotes, which explain the more difficult formulations used by security officers, briefly approximate the figures of the priests named in it and elab- orate on the state/Church relations in the Polish People's Republic.
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EN
The end of the communist dictatorship in Poland in 1989 was tantamount to the necessity of changing the manner of the functioning of the existent special services. The book presents the model of change of the civil special services between 1989 and 1990, when the communist Security Service was liquidated, and the Of ce for State Protection was appointed with the act of 6 April 1990. The author describes the process and demonstrates that in Poland both the “option zero” and “continuation” models were rejected and a “hybrid” model was adopted instead.
EN
On the route of the third pilgrimage of Pope John Paul II to Poland, which took place from June 8 to 14, 1987 was Tarnów. Holy Father Pope John Paul II arrived to Tarnow in the late evening of June 9 and left in the afternoon of the next day. During this time, he met with the large number of faithful people who came from across the South–East of Poland and beyond. During Mass on June 10 he celebrated to the glory of the altars Karolina Kózka who was murdered by a Russian soldier on November 18, 1914. He also met with the clergy in the Cathedral Square in Tarnów. Activities that were related to the protection of Pope John Paul II during his visit in Tarnów were given the codename ,,Aurora II”. During Popes visit In Tarnow there were appointed head of security staff and several operational teams. Tarnow SB officers were supported by the officers from neighboring provinces. The documents related to this task were in the briefcase 8 I 1987, code-named object file "Pilgrim”.
EN
Many people have heard of the Security Service activity in the Polish hotels. How did it look like in Szczecin? In search for answer to this question the author investigated the operational activity conducted in the hotels “Arkona”, “Continental”, “Neptun”, and “Reda”, managed by the company “Orbis”, and the municipal hotels “Gryf” and “Piast” run by the Voivodship Enterprise of Tourism Services “Pomerania”. The purpose of this article is an attempt to explain the principles of functioning of the Szczecin Security Service hotel section and to “delve” into the subject matter of hotels operating at the time of Polish People’s Republic in Szczecin. Based on the collected source material and the information provided by the former staff of the hotel section of the Security Service the author seeks to answer the questions concerning the scope of the tasks performed by the Security Service and to explore the methods used by the officers, the scale of invigilation of the society, and influence of the Security Service on the operation of hotels. A significant element is also material proof of the unit’s existence and operation, i.e. the documents produced in the time past, which today can be referred to as archival.
PL
Wiele osób słyszało o działaniach Służby Bezpieczeństwa w polskich hotelach, ale jak wyglądało to w Szczecinie?. Autor poszukując odpowiedzi na to pytanie prześledził działania operacyjne prowadzone w hotelach „Arkona”, „Continental”, „Neptun” i „Reda” podległych przedsiębiorstwu „Orbis” oraz hotelach miejskich „Gryf” i „Piast” prowadzonych przez Wojewódzkie Przedsiębiorstwo Usług Turystycznych „Pomerania”. Celem artykułu jest próba przybliżenia zasad pracy sekcji hotelowej szczecińskiej SB oraz „wgłębienie” się tematykę hotelową okresu PRL na terenie Szczecina. W oparciu o zgromadzony materiał źródłowy oraz informacje udzielone przez byłych pracowników sekcji hotelowej autor próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytania o zakres zadań realizowanych przez SB. Wskazać na metody działań funkcjonariuszy, skalę inwigilacji środowiska oraz wpływ SB na funkcjonowanie hoteli. Istotnym elementem jest także materialny dowód istnienia i funkcjonowania jednostki, czyli dokumentacja wytworzona w minionym okresie, którą dziś możemy określić już mianem archiwalnej.
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