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EN
The aim of the paper is to briefly characterize the visits ad limina of the Olomouc Bishop Charles II. of Liechtenstein-Castelcorno and the contents of his reports on the state of the diocese, conserved in the Secret Vatican Archive. The Bishop executed seven visits ad limina during his long episcopate (1664–1695), in the years 1667, 1672, 1675, 1682, 1685, 1689 and 1693, always through the mediation of a procurator. After describing the visits and the reports conserved in the archives, the author analyses the structure and the content of the text of the conserved reports. The final part of the article is focused on three issues of violation of ecclesiastical immunity, evaluated by the Bishop himself as the principal obstacles of his pastoral activity in the diocese of Olomouc. The first one was the exclusion of the competency of ecclesiastical law courts in the cases of tithes by Emperor Ferdinand III, the second one the breaking of episcopal jurisdiction from the part of exempt religious orders (Benedictines, Cistercians and the Knights of Malta) during the procedure of nomination of parish priests in exempt parishes; the third great problem was the massive violation of freedom when contracting marriages of serfs by the proprietaries of the domains, which rejected the manumission of serfs and their transfers to the domain of an another proprietary.
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EN
The article addresses the issue of the enfranchisement reform and the regulation and separation of land in the village of Sławno, currently located within the boundaries of the Lednica Ethnographic Park. The enfranchisement reform was introduced in the Grand Duchy of Posen by the Prussian authorities in 1823. It had already been prepared since 1815, that is, since the return of Prussian power to Wielkopolska. The enfranchisement reform was also coupled with other agrarian reforms, and the regulation and separation of rural land. This was one of the most significant episodes in the history of the Wielkopolska countryside, permanently ending the centuries-long persistence of the feudal and serfdom system. As a result, not only was the ownership structure and the socio-economic system of the countryside transformed, but the cultural landscape was also permanently and profoundly changed. In the course of a multi-year procedure culminating in an agreement („reces”) in 1839, 14 fully independent hereditary landowner farms were established in Sławno, free of any easements to the manor. This included thirteen farms ranging in size from about 47 to about 58 morgens and one farm of about 25 morgens.
EN
Aron Aleksander Olizarowski’s opus vitae: De politica hominum societate is partially dedicated to the peasants’ question in Poland in the 17th century. His views were noted in the 19th-century Polish scholarly literature. Aloisio Luigi Capelli must have known Olizarowski’s work, since he presented the views expressed therein at scholarly meetings at the Vilnius University in 1817. Tadeusz Czacki repeatedly mentioned De politica hominum societate in his work entitled O polskich i litewskich prawach [On Polish and Lithuanian laws] and he also cited this work. This fact confirms the importance of Olizarowski’s views on the peasants’ question. Among other scholars, Feliks Słotwiński, Piotr Chmielowski, and Joachim Lelewel also mentioned De politica hominum societate in order to demonstrate Olizarowski’s original views on reforming the serfdom.
PL
Dzieło życia Arona Aleksandra Olizarowskiego De politica hominum societate jest częściowo poświęcone kwestii chłopskiej w Polsce XVII w. Zostało ono dostrzeżone w nauce polskiej w XIX w. Ludwik Alojzy Cappelli niewątpliwie znał to dzieło, gdyż prezentował poglądy w nim zawarte w ramach publicznych posiedzeń naukowych Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego w 1817 r. Również Tadeusz Czacki w pracy O litewskich i polskich prawach kilkakrotnie nawiązał do De politica hominum societate i cytował jego obszerny fragment. Zabiegi Czackiego mogą świadczyć o uznaniu doniosłości poglądów Olizarowskiego w kwestii chłopskiej. Również inni polscy uczeni, tacy jak: Feliks Słotwiński, Piotr Chmielowski czy Joachim Lelewel, nawiązywali do dzieła Olizarowskiego, by pokazać jego oryginalny wkład w próbę zreformowania stosunków pańszczyźnianych.
PL
Celem artykułu było zbadanie zmian w systemie rachunkowości, towarzyszących zastępowaniu pańszczyzny umowami dzierżawy w XVIII-XIX w. Na potrzeby badań zastosowano metody: analizę historyczną obejmującą badania empiryczne o charakterze archiwalnym, a także studia literaturowe z dziedziny historii rachunkowości i historii gospodarczej ziem polskich. W wyniku analizy ustalono, że przejście do gospodarki czynszowej spowodowało konieczność wprowadzenia istotnych zmian w systemie rachunkowości majątków ziemskich, dotyczących: 1) sporządzania inwentarzy dóbr przekazywanych w używanie na podstawie umów dzierżawy, 2) przygotowania rejestrów służących ewidencji czynszów dzierżawnych, 3) ujmowania przychodów z tytułu czynszów dzierżawnych (poprzedzane windykacją należności).
EN
The aim of the article was to examine the changes in the accounting system associated with replacing serfdom lease agreements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For the study methods were used: historical analysis, including empirical studies of archival studies and literature on the history of accounting and economic history of the Polish lands. The analysis found that the transition to a rent economy made it necessary to make significant changes in the accounting system estates, including: 1) drawing up inventories of goods transferred in use under the lease agreements, 2) preparation of records serving records of rents.
PL
Autor dowiódł na podstawie badań ilościowych i jakościowych, że postawy migracyjne ludności w okolicach Czeskich Budziejowic niewiele się zmieniły w ciągu drugiego półwiecza XVIII wieku. Nie wpłynęło na nie również zniesienie poddaństwa w 1781 roku. Większość powodów, dla których poddani wnioskowali o uwolnienie lub zgodę na osiedlenie się u innego pana ziemskiego, była związana z małżeństwem i pracą, jak również ze staraniami o polepszenie standardu życia własnego i rodziny. Dominowały przemieszczenia w zasięgu 20 km. Wśród migrantów przeważały kobiety stanu wolnego, a ich zasadniczym celem było małżeństwo. Jednak to mężczyźni pokonywali dłuższe dystanse w swoich przemieszczeniach, na przykład w związku ze służbą wojskową czy praktykowanym rzemiosłem. Badania statystyczne zostały zilustrowane szeregiem przykładów w ujęciu mikrohistorycznym, przez co autorowi udało się ukazać zjawisko strategii migracyjnych w sposób kompleksowy.
EN
Based on quantitative and qualitative studies, the author has demonstrated that the migration attitudes of the population of the areas around České Budějovice changed little in the course of the latter half of the eighteenth century. They were not influenced by the abolition of serfdom in 1781, either. Most of the reasons for which serfs requested manumission or consent to settle in another landlord’s demesne involved the issues of marriage and employment, as well as the effort to improve the standard of living for themselves and their families. Most movements occurred within a range of 20 km. The predominant group among the migrants was unmarried women, marriage being their primary goal. However, longer distances were covered by men in their movements undertaken in connection with e.g., military service or the practice of a craft. The statistical research was illustrated with a series of examples in a microhistorical approach, whereby the author has managed to offer a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of migration strategies.
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