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EN
Sharing economy is cooperation and sharing based on providing the opportunity to access goods and services to those, who precisely need such a service. This paper attempts to organise the yet unsettled areas of sharing economy that today determine its risk and make it ambiguous, unequal, unfair and objectionable in the eyes of many a business environments. The aim of this article is to analyze the risk associated with sharing economy. To fulfil this aim the author has discussed: the paradigm of consumption and the common good in the context of the economy of the future, the etymology of the term of sharing economy and identification of risk that is linked with this phenomenon. The studies were divided into two parts: the first concerns theoretical risk analysis of the functioning of sharing economy based on subject literature; the second part is a practical analysis of the risk of the impact of sharing economy on the Polish labour market on the example of UBER application. The following research hypothesis was adopted in the paper: The risk of impact of sharing economy on the labour market in Poland is of little significance. The analysis allowed to identify the following risk types in the number of twenty, which are present today in sharing economy: Unequivocal and coherent concept, Data safety, Taxes, Law regulations, Quality, Service performance guarantee, Pursuing claims, Employees rights, Responsibility for clients, Grey market, Competitiveness, Relations: sharing - business, Licences and permissions, Employment relationship, Deflation, Consumer rights protection, Employment, Abuse, Mentality, Sales. A risk analysis of the effects of sharing economy on the Polish labour market showed that this phenomenon was of low significance in the analysed period. The analysis was based on Bosworth, Dawkins, Stromback model. The research shall cover the period 2010 to 2016 (start of operations of the EUBR application in Poland as of 2014; worldwide: 2009) for sector H of PKD (transport and warehouse management, (for Poland - section: H49 PKD inland transport). The analysis concerns first of all the Polish market, but due to the short period of UBERA's activity in Poland - data for other economies in the world, where the application is already operating, were also compiled. The aim of such an approach was to find possible implications for the labour market - in countries where the application works longer - and to refer them to possible future implications for the Polish market. The analysis of the risk of the effects of sharing economy on the labour market in Poland showed that the risk of this phenomenon was of low significance in the analysed period. This assessment results from the fact that this phenomenon is new and dynamic on the Polish market. There are also no relevant legal regulations that would integrate this type of economy into the regulated labour market in Poland. However, risks should not be underestimated. In the long term, it may turn out that this type of economy will have a significant impact on the development of the labour market in Poland.(original abstract)
EN
In recent years, the sharing economy has stimulated the development of entities that have contributed significantly to sustainability through the impact of technological, demographic, and cultural changes observed in society. This research aims to determine the motivation of participation of the Turkish consumers contributing to the sharing economy by using the self‑determination theory. For this purpose, a questionnaire was conducted with 160 participants contributing to the sharing economy through the use of Airbnb, which is the most commonly used among sharing economies around the world. Examining the results of the research, it is noted that among the three motivational factors (economic benefit, enjoyment, sustainability) which have a positive effect on attitude, only the level of perceived enjoyment has the highest effect on the attitude and also an effect on the behavior intention.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza pojawiających się nowych form aktywności gospodarczej, będących alternatywą dla tradycyjnych rynków. Cechy rynków peer-to-peer, a przede wszystkim niskie bariery wejścia, mogą być interpretowane jako wyraz wolności gospodarczej społeczeństwa. W artykule opisano potencjał przełomowej technologii blockchain, będącej fundamentem niektórych rozwiązań P2P. Zwrócono również uwagę na relacje tego rodzaju działalności gospodarczej z kwestią odpowiedzialności, która obecnie jest przedmiotem wielu kontrowersji w debatach społecznych i politycznych.
EN
The article aims to analyse the emerging forms of economic activity that are an alternative to the traditional markets. The features of peer-to-peer markets, mainly highly reduced barriers to enter them may be interpreted as society’s expression of economic freedom. The article describes the potential of blockchain, the technological foundation of some P2P solutions, being also called “enabler” or “changer” in today’s very dynamically evolving world. Also, special attention has been paid to the relation of these type of economic activities with the question of responsibility which is now the subject of many controversies in social and political debates.
EN
The article presents organizational concepts of crowd logistics solutions aimed at streamlining and optimizing the processes of passenger and cargo flows in urban areas. The analysis will cover the possibilities of adapting the crowd logistics solutions, the types of solutions, as well as the benefits resulting from their implementation, both for residents, entrepreneurs, tourists, and authorities. The author will review the experiences and solutions of the crowd logistics used in the world’s metropolises, and on this basis will determine which are likely to adapt in Polish cities. The main goal of the article is to analyse the possibilities of adapting the concept of crowd logistics in Polish conditions as a solution to improve city functioning and to identify barriers of implementing such solutions in Poland.
PL
W artykule zostały zaprezentowane koncepcje organizacyjne rozwiązań z zakresu crowd logistics, zmierzające do usprawnienia i zoptymalizowania procesów przepływów pasażerów i ładunków na obszarach miejskich. Analizie poddano możliwości zastosowania koncepcji crowd logistics, rodzaje rozwiązań, które w tym zakresie można stosować, a także korzyści wynikające z ich wdrażania, zarówno dla mieszkańców, przedsiębiorców, turystów, jak i władz. Autorka dokonała przeglądu doświadczeń oraz rozwiązań crowd logistics stosowanych w światowych metropoliach i na tej podstawie określiła, które z nich mają szanse adaptacji w polskich miastach. Głównymi celami artykułu były zatem: analiza możliwości zastosowania koncepcji crowd logistics w warunkach polskich, jako rozwiązania usprawniającego funkcjonowanie miasta, oraz wskazanie barier we wdrażaniu w Polsce tego typu rozwiązań.
PL
CEL/TEZA: Celem artykułu jest wykazanie różnic w zaangażowaniu w edytowanie Wikipedii w zależności od formy uczestnictwa. Badaniom poddano trzy grupy wikipedystów: niezależnych oraz studentów edytujących w ramach formalnych i nieformalnych projektów akademickich. Opisano również współpracę wikipedystów z instytucjami kultury w zakresie zwiększania zasobów serwisu. KONCEPCJA/METODY BADAŃ: Do realizacji celu badawczego posłużyła analiza porównawcza działań wikipedystów. Do badań wykorzystano źródła w postaci raportów, statystyk i stron użytkowników Wikipedii oraz dane ilościowe i jakościowe pozyskane w trakcie realizowanego przez Autorkę nieformalnego projektu akademickiego. Wpisanie badań w koncepcję ekonomii współpracy umożliwiła lektura literatury naukowej z obszaru ekonomii oraz nauk o komunikacji społecznej i mediach. WYNIKI I WNIOSKI: Projekty akademickie edytowania Wikipedii to narzędzie doskonalenia umiejętności redakcyjnych i zainteresowania społecznościowym tworzeniem repozytorium wiedzy, ale nie znaczącego zwiększania jego zasobów. Ten cel realizują głównie niezależni wikipedyści oraz pracownicy instytucji kultury, współpracujący z Wikipedią w zakresie przesyłania zdjęć posiadanych zasobów. Zaangażowanie w edytowanie kształtuje się w zależności m.in. od sposobu zorganizowania prac projektowych, wraz ze stopniową internalizacją reguł, regularnością działań oraz zdobywaniem dodatkowych uprawnień. Dalszy rozwój Wikipedii ograniczają przede wszystkim niedobory „kadrowe”. Nadmierna biurokratyzacja projektu i nieprzystępność środowiska utrudniają nowym użytkownikom swobodny dostęp i pełniejsze zaangażowanie. OGRANICZENIA BADAŃ: Przeprowadzone badania mają charakter pilotażowy. Opierają się na niewielkiej próbie. Za główną miarę zaangażowania w edytowanie Wikipedii przyjęto liczbę edycji w kolejnych tygodniach i latach współpracy. Zgromadzone dane wskazują na pewne trendy, nie pozwalają jednak na prognozowanie zaangażowania obecnych i przyszłych wikipedystów. ORYGINALNOŚĆ/WARTOŚĆ POZNAWCZA: Badania wpisują się w dyskusję o roli komunikacji wiedzy w środowisku akademickim.
EN
PURPOSE/THESIS: The article aims to show how the level of involvement in editing Wikipedia varies depending on the form of editor’s participation. Three types of editors were studied: independent editors, Wikipedians, and students editing as a part of formal and informal academic projects. Furthermore, the article describes the Wikipedians’ cooperation with cultural institutions and its employees to increase the resources of the service. APPROACH/METHODS: To achieve the research goal, the activities of students editing Wikipedia in selected academic projects were compared with the activities of randomly selected group of Wikipedians. The research used sources such as reports, statistics and websites of Wikipedia users, as well as quantitative and qualitative data obtained during the informal academic project conducted by the article’s author. Thanks to the analysis and criticism of literature from the field of economics and social communication sciences and media, it was possible to analyse the results with a reference to the concept of “collaborative economy”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The academic projects of editing Wikipedia are a tool for improving editorial skills and fostering participation and involvement in the social creation of a knowledge repository; however it does not result in a significant increase of its resources. This is achieved mostly by independent wikipedians and by employees of cultural institutions working with Wikipedia to upload photos of their institutions’ resources. The editors involvement in editing of Wikipedia is conditioned by a number of factors: how the project is organized, along with the gradual internalization of rules, regularity of activities, by acquiring additional rights. The further development of Wikipedia is limited primarily by the shortage in “human resources”. Excessive bureaucratization and hermetic environment make it difficult for the new users to gain better access and become more involved. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS: The studies carried out in the article are preliminary. They are based on a small sample. The main measure of involvement was the number of edits in the following weeks and years of participation in the project. The gathered data indicate some trends, but do not allow to forecast the involvement of current and future editors. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The research is a part of the discussion of the role of knowledge communication in the academic environment.
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