Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 3

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  Silk Route
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
With the collapse of Soviet Union and the establishment of five new states in Central Asia Chinese foreign policy faced the challenge of creating solid relations with this region. Common interest in fighting ethnic and religious separatism, trade in energetic resources and development of other branches of economy helped to create the basis for political cooperation. One of the biggest obstacles in development a full-scale economic exchange was the lack of sufficient transport infrastructure across the former Chinese-Soviet border. The history of industrialization of Central Asia enforced by the Russian and the tense relations between communist China and Russia resulted in building roads, railways and pipelines from Central Asia to the north only. The Chinese's will, to change this state is an important element of the plan to revitalize Western China's weak economy and to create land transport corridors from China to Europe, Middle East and ports of Indian Ocean. In this paper the process of filling transport gap between China and Central Asia and its political conditions will be examined.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Looking at Gandhāra

100%
EN
Gandhāran artifacts serve as memory of the two millennium past aesthetics, art, culture and norms of the people of Gandhāra. The modern scholarship was started with the archaeological excavations, it’s interest in the western world with its link up, peculiar with classical forms. The intellectual society’s urge to learn from Buddhist visuals and collectionism had grown to its peak from last two centuries. The Kushan empire was into contact with the Mediterranean Rome, Egypt & Iran, one of the world’s best cultural centers of the era that burgeoned the local centers of Art and it was obvious that assimilations of forms of making artifacts were based on the demand of the patron. By these exchanges, Gandhāran Art also influenced Roman Art with introduction of Jewelry and Flower garlands etc. as it was going both ways; with exporting goods to the western society. Buddhism was also going westward, the prime time was second century CE when it saw its finest flowering and prominence on the gateway of the Silk Road. The quest for divinity through seeing art was the one way to attract lay people and theirs donation could accelerate the monastic activities from writing religious codes (Sutta in Pali, Sutra in Sanskrit) to making new Viharas (monasteries) and Chaityas (temples) .
EN
Sovereign territory that is called the People’s Republic of China at present has existed for some 5,000 years or longer across several dozen dynasties, several periods ruled by “warlords,” at least two Republics including the current People’s Republic of China. Over such a long time period, “China” has changed remarkably, evidenced by revisions in its language, arrival then departure of various forms of governance and leaders, prosperity during the Ming Dynasty, poverty from the “Great Leap Forward” of the 1950s through the “Cultural Revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s, to the present period the authors have termed “feudal internationalism.” This article will focus on China’s changing foreign policies: from the dynastic periods, across the post-dynastic Ming Guo period (1911-1927), to the Republic of China period controlled by the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomingtang), (1927- 1949), to the People’s Republic of China controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (Gongchantang) that has changed its own foreign policies several times since taking power in 1949, mostly during or since China’s “opening” to the West during the administration of Deng Xiaoping as China’s “paramount leader” (1978-1989) that ushered in “four modernizations”, the third of which upgraded China’s national defense. Changes in China’s foreign policy have continued under its current president, Xi Jinping, most noticeably with China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative that involves building infrastructure across Eurasia and Africa at the cost of billions of dollars estimated to turn into trillions of dollars as China endeavors to resurrect then put to new uses the ancient “Silk Road” overland plus the maritime “Silk Route” with cutting edge airports, highways, railways, seaports needed to connect China with raw materials including energy sources from Africa and consumer markets in Europe.
PL
Suwerenne terytorium nazywane obecnie Chińską Republiką Ludową istnieje od ponad 5000 lat. W tym czasie doświadczyło rządów kilkudziesięciu dynastii, kilku gubernatorów wojskowych i przynajmniej dwóch republik, w tym Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. W tak długim okresie Chiny przeszły olbrzymie zmiany, co miało swoje odzwierciedlenie w zmianach języka, przyjmowaniu i odrzucaniu różnych form rządów i przywódców, czasach dobrobytu za panowania Dynastii Ming, biedy spowodowanej „Wielkim skokiem” w latach 50. XX wieku i „Rewolucją kulturalną” lat 60. i 70. XX wieku, aż po obecny okres, który autorzy nazywają „feudalnym internacjonalizmem”. Praca poświęcona jest zmianom polityki zagranicznej Chin: od okresów dynastycznych, przez post-dynastyczny okres Ming Guo (1911-1927), Republikę Chińską kontrolowaną przez Chińską Partię Narodową (Guomingtang), (1927-1949), po Chińską Republikę Ludową pod przywództwem Chińskiej Partii Komunistycznej (Gongchantang). Po przejęciu władzy w 1949 r., Chińska Partia Komunistyczna wielokrotnie zmieniała swoją politykę zagraniczą, głównie od momentu lub podczas „otwierania się” Chin na Zachód za czasów administracji Deng Xiaopinga jako „najwyższego przywódcy” Chin (1978-1989), który rozpoczął „cztery modernizacje” (z których trzecia zmodernizowała chińskie siły obronne). Zmiany w chińskiej polityce zagranicznej miały swój dalszy ciąg pod przywództwem jej obecnego prezydenta, Xi Jinpinga, szczególnie w postaci inicjatywy „Jeden pas, jedna droga”, która pociągała za sobą stworzenie infrastruktury w całej Eurazji i Afryce. Inwestycja warta miliardy dolarów, które mogą urosnąć do trylionów, jest próbą wskrzeszenia starożytnego „Jedwabnego Szlaku” wiodącego zarówno przez ląd, jak i trasy morskie, zaopatrzone w najbardziej zaawansowane technologicznie lotniska, autostrady, koleje i porty morskie, mające dać Chinom dostęp do surowców naturalnych, źródeł energii z Afryki oraz rynków konsumenckich w Europie.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.