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PL
Soviet ideological overseers did not consider the Warsaw Ghetto uprising an utterly taboo topic. However, on their general scale of notable events of the Second World War, the uprising belonged to the category of relatively minor episodes, worth mentioning mainly in the context of ‘more important’ themes, such as the presence of former Nazis in state institutions of West Germany or the collaboration of some Jews, most notably Zionists, with the Nazis. At the same time, the Soviet Yiddish periodicals, first Eynikayt [Unity, 1942–8] and then Sovetish Heymland [Soviet Homeland, 1961–91] did not treat the uprising as an event of secondary importance. Instead, they emphasise the heroism of the ghetto fighters.
EN
This article examines transformations of females' representation in women's magazines of Soviet and Post-Soviet times. The paper is based on case study of two domestic publications Rabotnitsa and Krestyanka of two decades before Soviet Union's collapse (1971-1990) and two decades after it (1991-2010). Using the method of content analysis, texts, visuals and advertising are analyzed in terms of portraying women as of their gender and social roles, occupational images, beauty types, body languages, and job representations. Range of topics of the women's magazines of two periods under research are compared. Major inference of the study is that Soviet propaganda and communist values are replaced by a western-style image of a woman in Post-Soviet women's magazines, yet still influenced by traditional Slavic views of womanhood.
EN
Propaganda was part of the total war between the Nazi and Soviet regimes in 1941–45. In the territory of Belorussia occupied by the Germans, both states used all propaganda tools possible to mobilize or intimidate people. Initially, the communist press, distributed under conspirational circumstances, both that printed in Russia, and in underground printing houses, motivated to the struggle against the occupiers, and from 1943 on, was convincing people of the necessity to restore the communist system and account people for the fulfilment of their obligations towards the Soviet country.
PL
Propaganda stanowiła część wojny totalnej reżimów hitlerowskiego i sowieckiego, prowadzonej w latach 1941–1945. Na obszarze okupowanej przez Niemców Białorusi każda ze stron wykorzystywała wszystkie środki propagandowe do mobilizacji lub zastraszania społeczeństwa. Prasa komunistyczna, rozpowszechniana w warunkach konspiracyjnych, zarówno drukowana w Rosji, jak w podziemnych drukarniach, początkowo mobilizowała do walki z okupantami, a od 1943 r. przekonywała społeczeństwo o nieuchronności powrotu systemu komunistycznego i konieczności rozliczenia z wykonania obowiązków wobec sowieckiej ojczyzny.
PL
W artykule rozpatrywane są językowe środki propagandy i agitacji na materiałach radzieckiej prasy okresu drugiej wojny światowej kształtujące obraz Polaka jako wroga. Autor analizuje leksykalne, stylistyczne i inne środki językowe wykorzystywane dla charakterystyki przeciwnika; wyodrębnia leksemy i rozbudowane charakterystyki, które najczęściej wykorzystywano dla stworzenia negatywnego obrazu wroga. W wyniku analizy dochodzi do wniosku, że obraz Polaka-wroga w ciągu omawianego okresu podlegał ewolucji, m.in. pod koniec drugiej wojny światowej Polak traci charakterystyki narodowe i społeczne aktualne w początkowym okresie wojny. Jednocześnie autor wskazuje na istnienie trwałych i niezmiennych cech przypisywanych Polakowi, takich jak „intelektualna niewydolność” czy zbrodnicza istota jego działań.
EN
The article is a study of the linguistic means in creating the image of a Pole as an enemy in the Soviet press of WWII. The author investigates the lexical, stylistic and other linguistic means used for a negative characterization of an enemy. He identifies lexemes and expressions most frequently used for the purpose. A conclusion is drawn that the image of a Pole as an enemy evolved in the sense that national and social characteristics were attributed to Poles at the beginning of the war but not towards its end. However, certain stable features were attributed to Polish people throughout the whole period, such as their “intellectual incapacity” or the criminal nature of their actions.
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