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EN
Critical evaluation of the reign of the Wettin dynasty in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth dominated Polish historiography until the mid-20th century. August II the Strong was blamed for bringing the monarchy under the control of Peter I the Great, and the nobility for anarchizing political life – in a word, for the beginning of the collapse of the state. The study of the course of the Confederation of Tarnogród and the analysis of pacification talks between the Confederates and the King's plenipotentiaries, based on Diariusz Konfederowanych na Kongresie Lubelskie de Anno 1716 (Diary of the Confederates at the Congress of Lublin, 1716), allowed for a revision of the previous views. The nobility of the day were not only aware of the need to repair the system and describe the offices (mainly those of the Hetman), but also saw the need to curb the increasing role of Russia in the mediation. The most intriguing issue related to the Tarnogród Confederation seems to be the attitude of the nobility towards religious dissidents – they stood up for their rights, opposing the Catholic hierarchy as well as the king himself.
PL
Krytyczna ocena panowania dynastii Wettinów w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów dominowała w polskiej historiografii aż do połowy XX w. Augusta II Mocnego obarczano odpowiedzialnością za oddanie monarchii pod kontrolę Piotra I Wielkiego, a szlachtę za anarchizowanie życia politycznego – słowem początek upadku państwa. Badania przebiegu konfederacji tarnogrodzkiej oraz analiza rozmów pacyfikacyjnych między skonfederowanymi a plenipotentami króla – w oparciu o Diariusz skonfederowanych na Kongresie Lubelskim de Anno 1716 – pozwoliły na rewizję dotychczasowych poglądów. Szlachta ówczesna była nie tylko świadoma potrzeb naprawy ustroju i opisania urzędów (głównie hetmańskiego), ale także dostrzegała konieczność ukrócenia zwiększającej się roli mediacyjnej Rosji. Najbardziej intrygującą kwestią związaną z konfederacją tarnogrodzką wydaje się postawa szlachty wobec dysydentów religijnych – stanęli oni w obronie ich praw, sprzeciwiając się tym samym hierarchii katolickiej, jak i samego króla.
EN
This article discusses ekphrases of the poet, sculptor, stage designer, and art critic Stanisław Ledóchowski, which were published in 2013 in his volume of poetry Liście od Krakowa and in several bibliophile editions of his individual works. The discussion concerns poems dealing with three forms of art: architecture, sculpture, and painting. Poetic interpretations of works of art were placed in the context of the terms studium and punctum introduced by Roland Barthes to describe the method of finding meaning in art on two levels. The studium concerns generally available cultural context, while the punctum is an often-intimate encounter of the viewer with an artistic work, which not only reveals the specific aesthetic awareness of the poet but also his individual sensitivity.
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