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EN
At Abusir, Czechoslovak/Czech archaeological excavations started in 1960. Until 1974, the work concentrated on the mastaba of Ptahshepses, the largest private tomb from the Third Millennium BC currently known from Egypt, which had been partly unearthed already at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1976, the Institute obtained a new, large archaeological concession covering the entire central and southern parts of the Abusir necropolis. In that area, the burial structures of the members of the royal family of the Old Kingdom have been examined, as well as mastabas of higher dignitaries of the same time and several large shaft tombs dating to the mid-First Millennium BC. Among the most important monuments excavated so far, the unfinished pyramid complex of Fifth-Dynasty King Raneferef and the shaft tomb of priest Iufaa, found intact, deserve to be mentioned. In addition to Egyptologists, a number of scholars specialised in various scientific and technical disciplines have taken part in the work at Abusir.
CS
České archeologické výzkumy probíhají na staroegyptském pohřebišti u Abúsíru již od roku 1960. Až do roku 1974 se soustřeďovaly na Ptahšepsesovu hrobku, částečně známou již od konce 19. století, která se ukázala být největší nekrálovskou hrobkou Egypta doby 3. tisíciletí př. n. l. Od roku 1976 výzkum probíhá na nové rozsáhlé koncesi, zahrnující celou centrální a jižní oblast abúsírského pohřebiště. Zde jsou odkrývány jednak královské stavby a rozsáhlé pohřebiště hodnostářů z doby Staré říše, jednak skupina velkých šachtových hrobek z doby kolem poloviny 1. tisíciletí př. n. l. K nejvýznamnějším objevům patří prozkoumání nedokončeného pyramidového komplexu faraona 5. dynastie Raneferefa a odkrytí nevyloupené šachtové hrobky kněze Iufay z Pozdní doby. Na výzkumu se kromě pracovníků Českého (dříve Československého) egyptologického ústavu dlouhodobě rozsáhle podílí i řada odborníků z přírodovědných a technických oborů.
EN
The paper deals with Ptahshepses who built his vast and impressive mastaba in the vicinity of king Nyuserre’s pyramid. The subject has been studied through the prism of Old Kingdom society and in comparison with his contemporaries. Recently discovered fragments of Ptahshepses’ granite false door in the archive of the Czech institute of Egyptology are also included.
EN
One of the long-standing problems of Egyptology, due to the shortage of original evidence, is the interpretation of the decoration programme of the Old Kingdom pyramid complexes and, consequently, the meaning of individual rooms of these monuments. However, the extant remains of the decoration of the columned court of Sahure’s mortuary temple represent a rare exception which makes such an interpretation possible.
EN
Clay sealings (or cretulae) are herein presented in the context of their history, function and archaeological research. The author shows the development achieved in recent decades in the study of clay sealings as they are studied not only as a vehicle of epigraphical evidence, but as an artefact involved in specific practices and capable of providing details on the ancient economy and administration. Some intricacies implied in the construction of specialists’ reports will be elucidated. The focus of the article (and of the presentation of the methodology’s development) is specifically the study of the sealing material from the Egyptian Old Kingdom.
CS
Text má za cíl uvést čtenáře do problematiky studia pečetních otisků a pečetní praxe. Zaměřuje se na příklady z období staroegyptské Staré říše, ale využívá i výsledky a diskuse specialistů zkoumajících materiál z širší oblasti Středomoří, aby ukázal dynamický vývoj ve studiu pečetních otisků v několika posledních desetiletích a naznačil i některá živá místa současného výzkumu. Jako rámec výkladu byl vybrán posun bádání od převážně epigrafického zájmu o psané informace na pečetních otiscích k hlubšímu zaměření na materiální a funkční stránky pečetních uzávěrů a na možnosti vyplývající z kombinace všech jejich vlastností při výkladu nálezových kontextů (například při rekonstrukci detailů o administrativních procesech v sídlech či institucích s nálezy velkých souborů pečetních otisků). Na několika příkladech je též upozorněno na to, k jakým zkreslením může dojít při prezentaci stručných kvantitativních výsledků výzkumu a s jakými podmíněními je zde třeba počítat.
EN
During the spring season of 2018, the mastaba of Nyankhseshat (AS 104; 29.60 × 13.20 m), belonging to the transitional type of tombs, was excavated at Abusir South. The tomb is located to the southeast of Ity’s tomb (AS 10) on the edge of Wadi Abusiri. The whole structure, with the core of irregular limestone blocks and mud brick casing, was built on a platform with a trapezoidal section. The superstructure consisted of a cruciform chapel, Serdabs 1 and 2, three shafts and a corridor chapel. The name of the tomb owner and his most important title – property custodian of the king – were preserved on an offering basin and a wooden panel in the western wall of the chapel (with a shortened form as Ishet). The mastaba was built in the early Fourth Dynasty. However, it was reused in the first half of the Fifth Dynasty (the reign of Neferirkare) when a stela of scribe of Treasury Sekhemka and his consort, Henutsen, were added, along with four limestone offering basins found in situ in the corridor. Although all the shafts were looted, they brought to light remains of burials. Apart from human bones, the remnants of the burial equipment were uncovered, including fragments of wooden coffins, travertine and copper model vessels, ceramic sherds and a mud sealing with the name of King Neferirkare. Animal bones and natural animal mummies were collected as well. Three structures, excavated only partially, were located in the vicinity of AS 104: AS 105 (to the east), AS 107 (to the north) and AS 108 (to the south).
CS
Na samé jižní výspě abúsírské nekropole, na okraji Wádí Abúsírí, byla v průběhu jarní expedice 2018 prozkoumána poměrně rozsáhlá hrobka, označená jako AS 104 (29,60 × 13,20 m). Byla tvořena kamenným jádrem a vnějším pláštěm cihlového zdiva. Svojí architekturou spadá do kategorie tzv. hrobek přechodného typu, kombinujících prvky starší zádušní architektury z Raně dynastické doby a mladší z počátku Staré říše. Je tudíž možné ji datovat do začátku 4. dynastie, velmi pravděpodobně do doby vlády panovníka Snofrua. Jejím vlastníkem byl vysoce postavený úředník, správce královského majetku Nianchsešat. Avšak jak ukázal výzkum, mastaba byla později využívána znovu, a to před polovinou 5. dynastie. Tehdy byla minimálně jedna šachta opět použita a do východní stěny hrobky byla vsazena zdobená vápencová stéla nových majitelů – písaře pokladnice Sechemky a jeho choti Henutsen. Přestože všechny šachty byly vykradené, každá nesla stopy po pohřbu. Kromě lidských kostí byly odkryty i pozůstatky pohřební výbavy, jako např. fragmenty dřevěných rakví, travertinové a měděné modely nádob, keramické zlomky nebo otisk pečeti se jménem panovníka Neferirkarea. V průběhu výzkumu byly sesbírány nejen lidské, ale i zvířecí kosti a přírodní mumie zvířat. V nejbližším okolí mastaby se nacházely další stavby, ty byly v rámci expedice zachyceny pouze částečně: AS 105 (východně), AS 107 (severně) a AS 108 (jižně). Výzkum přinesl řadu důležitých nálezů a zjištění o málo známé době v Abúsíru, o době těsně před tím, než tuto lokalitu opustili vysocí úředníci, již se poté nechávali pohřbívat v Gíze. Jarní práce v Abúsíru rovněž poskytly informace o počátcích nové éry před polovinou 5. dynastie, kdy se zde opět začaly budovat hrobky a byly využity i již existující stavby
EN
The paper deals with the reign of Nyuserre, one of the great Old Kingdom rulers who ruled in the mid-Fifth Dynasty. A gradual transformation of Egyptian society took place during this crucial period, and a number of innovations came about in various spheres (religion, society, administration, tomb architecture, etc.), mirroring a change in the participation in power. This situation was reflected primarily in dignitaries’ tombs dated to the given period, which became indicators of this transformation of society. The research is focused on an analysis of more than 100 tombs of high-ranking individuals and their family members, and particularly of their titulary, offering formulae, false doors, etc. In order to provide a framework for a better understanding of the changes, innovations and processes which occurred, this treatise uses representative cases from social, administrative and religious areas to illustrate the innovativeness of the period of Nyuserre’s reign and the climate in which the concatenation of many changes came to pass.
EN
Faience beads in the form of jewels, which decorated the bodies of the deceased, represent a regular constituent of the burial equipment of officials, priests and their families in the Old Kingdom period. While most tombs were robbed already in ancient times, beaded jewels were often disregarded by the robbers. Despite the fact that the context had been disturbed and the threading material usually decomposed, the beads still allow us to get an idea of the appearance of the original jewels. The odds improve further if an intact burial is discovered. Such situation has occurred twice in the case of the rock-cut tomb of the dignitary Nefer. During the archaeological seasons in the years 2012-2014, two of the four shafts uncovered were found intact (AS 68d, Shafts 3 and 4). The three sets of beaded jewels which were found in Nefer's tomb belonged to a man, woman and a child, providing an opportunity for a remarkable comparative material study. The potential of these finds consists not only in their state of preservation, but also in the variability of their owners that will enable us to compare the burial practices used for individual members of a high-ranking family who lived in the second part of the Old Kingdom period.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the textile production in ancient Egypt. This material figured prominently in all aspects of life of the Egyptians. Information about it derives from the fabrics themselves and from the representation on tomb-paintings and models of workshops. In the first part, the author points to different uses of textile as documented in archaeological finds. Besides the clothes it was plentifully needed in the households, for funeral use, in religion and it has also its economical function. The second part deals with the technology of production of textile. The most common raw material for production was flax, but infrequently other plant or animal materials were also used. The prepared flax yarns had to be spun and iconographical sources show that there were several ways in which this activity was carried out. Special attention is paid to weaving. Findings indicate that in ancient Egypt two types of looms were known – horizontal and vertical. The extent of use of both of these types has been discussed by researchers for a long time. The finished products could be decorated in a variety of ways, the article presents especially those that are used on material from Abusir. Finally, various archaeological contexts of Abusir textile finds are outlined along with the functions of this material. Examples of some most interesting textile finds are also presented. Due to the character of the site, they are dated to the Third and First Millennium BC.
CS
Cílem tohoto článku je na základě archeologických i ikonografických pramenů představit textilní produkci ve starověkém Egyptě. Látky a výrobky z nich představovaly totiž velmi důležitou komoditu provázející každodenní život člověka. První část se zaměřuje na různé použití textilu, tak jak ho dokumentují archeologické nálezy, kromě odívání byl totiž textil přirozeně hojně využíván v domácnosti, pro funerální potřeby, v náboženství, měl také svou ekonomickou funkci. Druhá část pojednává o technologii výroby tkanin a textilních produktů. Nejběžnější surovinou pro výrobu byl len, ale vzácněji se používaly také jiné rostlinné či živočišné materiály. Připravená lněná vlákna bylo nutné upříst, ikonografické prameny ukazují, že existovalo několik způsobů, jakými byla tato činnost prováděna. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována tkaní. Nálezy naznačují, že ve starověkém Egyptě byly známy dva druhy tkalcovských stavů – horizontální a vertikální. Rozsah používání obou těchto typů je badateli dlouho diskutován, nejasná je zejména otázka, kdy a za jakých podmínek začal být používán vertikální stav. Hotový textilní výrobek mohl být zdoben nejrůznějšími způsoby, článek představuje zvláště ty, které se objevují na abúsírských nálezech. Závěrem jsou zmíněny různé archeologické kontexty, ze kterých pochází tkaniny z královské nekropole v Abúsíru, a zároveň jsou uvedeny příklady těch nejzajímavějších zdejších látek, datovaných, vzhledem k charakteru lokality, do 3. a 1. tisíciletí př. Kr.
EN
In November 2017, mud brick structures, designated as AS 103, were excavated (fig. 1) in the area of the southeastern part of the later New Kingdom temple (numbered as structures AS 70–73; fig. 2). AS 103 is a complex of four corridor chapels (in an area with measurements of 15.0 × 12.7 m). The western inner walls of each corridor chapel were decorated with single and composed niches (figs. 3–6). Interestingly enough, Niche 9 in Corridor chapel 1 was found with wooden planks on the mud brick masonry (fig. 6). Four limestone offering basins were found, one of them inscribed with a female name Nfr.t-jw=s (fig. 7). A preliminary study of the pottery enables us to date Corridor chapel 1 and 2 to the Fifth Dynasty, whereas Corridor chapels 3 and 4 might have been constructed already in the late Third Dynasty or in the early Fourth Dynasty. The excavations brought to light new information on the burial practices of non-elite people of these periods: in this particular part of Abusir, AS 103 represents the first thoroughly excavated complex of such a type of tombs, which undoubtedly continues in all directions, built chronologically from the east to the west.
EN
Professor Zbyněk Žába laid, through his scholarly and organizational activities at the end of the 1950s and during the 1960s, the foundations for today’s success of the Czech Egyptology. In addition to extensive archaeological rescue operations in Lower Nubia, he intensely devoted his attention to the archaeological excavation of the mastaba of vizier Ptahshepses built in the central part of the Abusir necropolis (1960–1970). Despite the fact that Žába was a philologist, he tried to use up-to-date archaeological methods in his work. The unearthing of Ptahshepses’ tomb became Žába’s most important achievement in the field of Egyptian archaeology.
EN
In the year 2015, the expedition of the Czech Institute of Egyptology focused particularly on the area south of mastaba AS 54. Already in 2014, three new mastabas were unearthed in the vicinity of AS 54, and therefore both seasons of the year 2015 were devoted to their excavation. Two mastabas- AS 77 and AS 78- were built of mudbrick and contained two rows of shafts. Mastaba AS 78 was also extended to the south by an elongated annexe with five more shafts. Both tombs were probably built around the middle of the Fifth Dynasty. The pottery found in some of the shafts points to a long-time process of burial activity in both structures. It took place at least until the middle of the Sixth Dynasty. The cultic pottery provides evidence of mortuary activity until the end of the Old Kingdom. The westernmost mastaba, AS 76, differed from the other two structures in that was constructed from limestone. The core of the mastaba contained one shaft behind the northern undecorated false door, a decorated chapel with a beautiful false door, and a serdab behind it. It was built for a judge whose name was Kaisebi. The original mastaba (AS 76) was later enlarged by a new structure to the east (AS 76b), which consisted of two shafts, and a corridor running along them and leading to another chapel with undecorated false door. The evidence points to two owners of the two parts. The original mastaba was built for Kaisebi, the additional structure to the east for his son (?) Ptahwer whose name was found in several graffiti on the walls of the extension. According to a preliminary analysis the shaft and burial chamber of Kaisebi still awaits excavation in the largely disturbed area between Shaft 1 and his decorated chapel.
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