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PL
W państwach Unii Europejskiej następują zjawiska starzenia się społeczeństw oraz wzrostu ludności ubogiej pracującej (working poor). Celem artykułu jest określenie związku pomiędzy aktywnością zawodową osób w starszym wieku (55-64 lata), a poziomem zjawiska ubogich pracujących wśród tej grupy osób. Hipotezą tej pracy jest to, że wzrost aktywności zawodowej osób w dojrzałym wieku (55-64 lata) przekłada się na wzrost odsetka osób ubogich pracujących (w wieku 55-64). Aby udowodnić tą tezę została przeprowadzona analiza korelacji pomiędzy tymi dwoma wielkościami w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto artykuł ukazuje zmiany dotyczące poziomu odsetka osób ubogich pracujących w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2006-2015. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
In the countries of the European Union there are: an aging population and increase in the percentage of the working poor. The aim of the article is to determine the relationship between the occupational activity of the elderly people (55-64 years) and the level of the working poor in this group of people. The hypothesis of this work is that the growth in the occupational activity of people aged 55-64 years causes an increase of the working poor (aged 55-64). To prove this, a correlation analysis between these two values was carried out in the selected EU countries. The article also shows the changes in the percentage of the working poor in the selected EU Member States between 2006 and 2015.(original abstract)
XX
Celem artykułu jest ocena obecnych i przyszłych zmian w strukturach demograficznych obszarów Europy, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski, a także próba wskazania ich ekonomicznych następstw. Źródło informacji wykorzystywanych w analizach stanowią dane zamieszczone na stronie internetowej GUS oraz Eurostatu dotyczące Polski oraz krajów europejskich w końcu lat 2002 i 2012 oraz przewidywanych w roku 2019. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The changes in demographic structure of a majority of European countries which are visible mainly by the progress in population aging have numerous consequences (both social and economic). One of the most important negative consequences seems the decrease in the potential labour force and the decline in financial efficiency of pension systems. The paper aims at evaluating current and future changes (and their economic consequences) in European demographic structures, with particular reference to Poland. (original abstract)
XX
W artykule omówiono starzenie się ludności, które w coraz większym stopniu jest wynikiem przemian umieralności. Celem artykułu jest próba opisu starzenia się ludności z punktu widzenia długookresowych przemian umieralności poprzez odwołanie się do obliczonych na podstawie modelowych tablic trwania życia Coale’a i Demeny’ego.
EN
The impact of long term mortality changes on population ageing. The population ageing which results from changes in mortality has been discussed in the article. The purpose of the article is an attempt to describe the population ageing from the point of view of long term changes in mortality by means of appealing to the different speed in decrease of children, young people, adults and seniors' death probabilities calculated on the basis of the Coale's and Demeny's life expectancy tables as well as determination of the life expectancy extension speed at different stages of human existence. (original abstract)
EN
Since the beginning of the twentieth century in Europe a process of aging is hastening. Initially the demographic transformation focused on the "old EU", now it is affecting the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland. Poland has exceeded the threshold of demographic old age in 1967. In 2010, the share of people aged over 65 in the total population of country amounted to about 13%. OECD forecasts show that in the year 2050 the elderly population (over 65 years old) will constitute 50% of the Polish population. The European Union and national governments face the challenge of mitigating the socio-economic effects of population aging. At EU, national and regional levels there are implemented the programs of active aging, affecting the elderly in the following dimensions: professional, social and individual. They are addressed primarily to the elderly, but also to other target groups. They counteract the ageism and build the awareness of demographic changes' processes. Education is an extremely important aspect of active aging. It performs two vital roles: delaying the individuals aging process, and furthermore, facilitates adaptation to old age. The essence of the article is to present the concept of active aging, and education functions it that. The study presents the educational activity of the elderly in Poland, too.
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EN
The progress of the aging population and its diversity associated with space and time, the interaction with the socio-economic situation requires the use of alternative measures of analysis of this phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of differences and the advancement of the aging population of the Silesian agglomeration. Recognition reveals the diversity heterogeneity in the population structure of cities and in the course of demographic change.
XX
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na trudności interpretacji danych dotyczących kształtowania się umieralności mężczyzn i kobiet ze względu na możliwe błędy weryfikacji wieku osób sędziwych. Nadumieralność mężczyzn traktowana jest w demografii jako pewnik. W pracy pokazano, że wśród osób w bardzo zaawansowanym wieku można znaleźć przykłady wyższej umieralności kobiet. Sytuacja taka występuje również w Polsce. Artykuł przedstawia dwa wyjaśnienia takiego stanu rzeczy: efekt selekcji (do bardzo wysokiego wieku dożywają jedynie najsilniejsi) oraz wpływ zawyżania wieku przy wyrabianiu dokumentów w okresie bezpośrednio powojennym, podkreślając - zwłaszcza w realiach polskich - wpływ tego drugiego wytłumaczenia. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
The article focuses on the difficulties in the data interpretation, which concerns forming the women's and men's mortality regarding possible errors in the age verification of the old-age persons. Excess mortality of men is treated in demography as an axiom. In the work was proved, that among veiy old-age people we could find the examples of higher female mortality. This situation occurs also in Poland. The article presents two kinds of explanations: the selection effect (only the strongest ones live to the very old age) and the influence of the age overstating while obtaining the documents in the period directly after the war, stressing - particularly in the Polish reality - the impact of this second explanation. (original abstract)
XX
W artykule przedstawiono kierunki zmian liczby i struktury (według wieku, płci, stanu cywilnego) ludzi bardzo starych w Polsce. Wykorzystano dane spisowe z lat 1900, 1921, 1931, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1978, 1988, 1995 oraz prognozy GUS na lata 2000-2020.
EN
In the paper work we will take study of the occurrence of demographic aging risk. We will use population study carried out in 2011, and the methods of analysis of demographic and regional indicators. We will begin with setting the rate of demographic aging and the selectivity index influx to urban people over the age of 50, and then move on to assess the demographic gap perceived as functioning in health risk in selected cities in Poland.
EN
The aging of the population both in the global and regional aspect causes a number of negative effects. The most important are: aging of the workforce as well as its loss, which sharpens the basic economic problem associated with limitation of resources. Particularly important is to initiate actions to activate senior people by increasing the age of ability to work as well as by introducing solutions which will increase absorption of these people's work to the labor market. The current situation of senior people on the labor market indicates that there are many barriers which prevent them from entering the labor market. The complexity of the problem requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach.
EN
Purpose of the article is to demonstrate the impact of aging populations on migration of population permanently. To this end, use the method of standardization. We'll give you an analysis of changes in the demographic structure of the population and migration rates by age between 1990 and 2009 and their forecast for 2030s.
EN
The aim of this paper is to provide a statistical description of the demographic structure of the members of the Open Pension Funds as well as its dynamics. The paper also describes the process of ageing of the Open Pension Funds' members taking into account the whole operating period of the funds. Selected demographic measures were used to analyze the demographic structure changes of the funds' members in total and by sex and age. To describe the process of ageing some alternative measures based on central moments of the empirical distributions were employed. The analysis reveals a significant differences of the process of ageing between the funds.
EN
Methods of spatial statistics are used to identify spatial patterns and spatial dependency. Testing occurrence of spatial dependency boils down to verify the hypothesis of the existence of spatial autocorrelation in the data spatially localized. The evaluation of spatial autocorrelation requires the knowledge of the extent and specificity of spatial diversity, i.e. diversity of characteristics of individual sites and geographic regions. The main objective of this paper is to study the dynamics of an aging population as well as analysis of the spatial dependences of the ageing index. Research will be conducted using measures of global and local spatial autocorrelation. The data used in analysis come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. All calculations and presented maps were made in the R CRAN.
PL
W artykule ukazano powiązania zmian demograficznych powodujących starzenie się społeczeństw krajów Unii Europejskiej z sytuacją finansów publicznych w tych krajach w średnim i długim okresie. Podkreślono, że niekorzystne przewidywane trendy demograficzne tworzą wyzwania dla obecnej polityki fiskalnej, która powinna być prowadzona odpowiedzialnie i zapewniać stabilność fiskalną, oraz prowadzą do napięć fiskalnych stanowiących zagrożenie dla tej stabilności w przyszłości. Rozważania oparto na projekcji zmian demograficznych w krajach UE do 2060 r. przedstawionych w publikacji Komisji Europejskiej The 2015 Ageing Report oraz ostatnim raporcie na temat stabilności fiskalnej Debt Sustainability Monitor 2016.
EN
The article presents the links between demographic changes that cause aging of European Union societies and the situation of public finances in these countries in the medium and long term. It emphasizes that unfavorable demographic trends create challenges for current fiscal policy that should be responsibly and provide fiscal sustainability, and lead to fiscal risks that threaten future stability. Considerations based on the projected demographic change in the EU countries by 2060, presented in the publication of the European Commission The 2015 Aging Report and the latest report on the fiscal sustainability Debt Sustainability Monitor 2016.
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EN
Elderly care and support in their daily lives is one of the most significant challenges of an ageing population. The increasing demand for various types of support (both in the community and in institutions) should be considered in the context of existing socioeconomic- cultural-demographic characteristics. This article presents models of care for dependent elderly people and the analysis how various models fit the situation of dependency care in Poland. Five models describing the dependencies and coupling between informal help provided within the family network and community support networks and formal help are: hierarchical compensatory model, substitutional model, specificity model, supplementation model, complementarity model. The organization of care for the elderly in Poland introduced by the authority can be established that is consistent with the hierarchical compensatory model. This model is most effective, but in Poland is still not completely implemented, and the fragmentation makes that seniors do not receive optimal support.
XX
Artykuł jest próbą pokazania przestrzennego zróżnicowania procesu starości i starzenia się ludności w Polsce na przestrzeni lat 1999—2005 w ujęciu podregionalnym. W pracy przedstawiono metodologiczne aspekty rozumienia starości i starzenia się społeczeństwa, metody ich pomiaru oraz problem klasyfikacji wieku ludności. Dokonano analizy i porównania podregionów pod względem starości w latach 1999 i 2005. W dalszej części zastosowano metodę aglomeracji i przedstawiono szczegółowe wyniki klasyfikacji podregionów z punktu widzenia dynamiki procesu starzenia. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
The aim of this article was to present the spatial old age diversification and population ageing in years 1999-2005 by sub-regions in Poland. In this study the author presents methodological aspects of old age comprehension and ageing of society, the methods of measuring them and the problem of population age classification. The author made an analysis and comparison of sub-regions by an old age in years 1999 and 2005. In the following part of the survey, the method of agglomeration was used and detailed results of sub-regions classification taking into consideration population ageing dynamic in Poland were presented. (original abstract)
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