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EN
The article examines the tasks of the State Fire Service in the face of terrorist threats in Poland. The State Fire Service is an important component of the national security system. As a well-trained and well-equipped country-wide agency with a well-developed organisational structure on the three administrative levels — subregional, regional and national — it can carry out tasks in an emergency, all-day, all-year-round mode within the territory of Poland, tasks relating to broadly defi ned rescue operations, including recognition of threats and rescue operations necessitated by acts of terrorism, despite the fact that in this case it is only an auxiliary service helping the agencies designated by law to combat such threats. The need for rescue services, security services and investigation services to collaborate in the case of a terrorist threat or suspicion of a terrorist threat has greatly expanded the operational possibilities of the State Fire Service, especially with regard to specialist rescue operations.
EN
The necessity of cooperation is dictated by steadily increasing number of threats, which creates the need for continuous cooperation of numerous entities which, by law, possess the ability to support each other in counteracting these threats remaining in the scope of cognizance of cooperating entities and elimination of the consequences of these threats. On the basis of the agreements, the SFS cooperates with various entities involved in rescue operations, including the Police. Cooperation of the SFS and the Police exists in the area of joint rescue operations, public order enforcement, evacuation, training and exercises, as well as in the scope of prevention. Given the data on cooperation so far, it should be stated that most frequently the cooperation between the SFS and the Police occurs in relation to handling road accidents. In the Polish legal system, permanently perfected, there are various standards regulating the sphere of state security, ensuring which on an appropriate level is one of numerous conditions for the secure existence of the state. Improvement of said system is dictated by the common belief that the security was not, is not, and, undoubtedly, will never be a fixed term, but one that must be constantly strived for. The predominant role in this process is played by public administration, including the State Fire Service. Preparation of the State Fire Service to fully and effectively fulfil the connected with it duties is possible primarily due to the proper organization of cooperation.
EN
The State Fire Service (in Polish: Państwowa Straż Pożarna PSP) is an organisation that was set up for the execution of its tasks in combating fires, natural disasters or other local threats in accordance with the provisions of the Act concerning the State Fire Service. A functional division of the State Fire Service is compliant with the administrative division of the country, and its area of operations comprises the whole territory of Poland. That is why the State Fire Service is functioning as a structured organisation possessing a transparent structure ensuring realisation of tasks appointed by the provisions of the Act. The administrative division of the country has the largest influence on the administrative structure of the country, that is why the organisational units of the State Fire Service are deployed in the territory of Poland in accordance with the effective territorial division. The formation of the present structure functioning at the State Fire Service was based on the existing territorial division, and it is also supposed to ensure a correct co-operation with different administrative units of the country. The shape of the organisational structure, in its form, resembles organisations functioning within and beyond actions of public administration. The structure of organisation in the present shape creates convenient conditions for observing and specifying forms of communication accompanying functioning organisational units, and firefighting and rescue units directly responsible for elimination of threats. All organisations executing public tasks, reserved exclusively for each of them to be carried out, in the present structure of the public service cannot do without an element executing administrative tasks, functioning in its structure. The administrative tasks are necessary to correct functioning, irrespective of assigned tasks. At the State Fire Service, it creates conditions for launching the processes occurring universally in different organisations. That is why one can observe one of the layers of communication in action, functioning within the State Fire Service, and connected with the execution of the administrative work. The State Fire Service, has as its main task the elimination of definite threats. While functioning and executing suitable actions for the realisation of definite tasks, we may observe next layers of communication. The essential element in preparation for the elimination of definite threats is a suitable substantive preparation of workers of the State Fire Service. Acquired knowledge during training and favourable conditions make possible identifying next layer of communication. It is well-founded when we pay attention to forms of communication occurring during rescue activities, where one can freely observe next communication layer.
EN
The main content of the article is to characterize the organizational changes at the State Fire Serivice in the face of public administration reform and cooperation for protection after 1999.
PL
Streszczenie Tekst podejmuje ważny temat współpracy transgranicznej straży pożarnych z Polski i Niemiec. Kształtowanie współpracy transgranicznej na poziomie województwa jest zadaniem Komendanta Wojewódzkiego PSP i przebiega w oparciu o istniejące umowy i porozumienia wypracowane na poziomie centralnym. Z zapisów Ustawy o PSP wynika, że Komendant Wojewódzki PSP ma za zadanie kierowanie jednostek organizacyjnych PSP z obszaru województwa do akcji ratowniczych i humanitarnych poza granice państwa.
EN
The text deals with an important topic of cross-border cooperation between fire brigades from Poland and Germany. Shaping cross-border cooperation at the voivodeship level is the task of the Voivodship Commander of the State Fire Service and is based on the existing contracts and agreements developed at the central level. The provisions of the Act on the State Fire Service show that the Provincial Commander of the State Fire Service is responsible for directing the organizational units of the State Fire Service from the voivodeship to rescue and humanitarian actions outside the state.
EN
Within the framework of the Polish National Emergency and Fire System (NEFS), tasks are realized in the areas of rescuing life, health and property of the citizens, as well as environmental protection. The purpose of this article is to depict the rules of the functioning of this system, with a special emphasis on State Fire Service, which plays a significant role in NEFS, among others as an organizer thereof. First, the origin and tasks of NEFS are presented, and the areas of Polish public security are indicated of which particular bodies associated in NEFS take care; the organization and tasks of State Fire Service are also outlined. Then, the place of NEFS and State Fire Service in crisis management is indicated. The presentation of the above issues allows the author to conclude that State Fire Service plays a leading role in multiple rescue operations and is a vital component of the system of internal security, e.g. as a pillar of NEFS.
EN
We live in a time when terrorism is everywhere, having become a permanent element of modern world’s landscape. Hardly a day passes without mass media notifying us of yet another terrorist attack. States create laws aimed at making the functioning of the society orderly and protecting citizens against actions aimed at disturbing social balance and interfering with their peaceful and safe life. Under the above-indicated act, the Minister of the Interior and Administration is in charge of most anti-terrorist tasks. He has at his disposal tools, in the form of units subordinate to him, with which such tasks can be performed. Said units include: Police, Border Guard, Government Protection Bureau, State Fire Service. Units subordinate to the Minister of the Interior and Administration are charged with very important tasks as far as preventing and combating terrorist threats are concerned.
PL
W artykule opisane są możliwe drogi odwoławcze od decyzji wydanych przez wybrane organy kontrolujące, tj. przez Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych, Państwową Inspekcję Pracy i Państwową Straż Pożarną. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest porównanie możliwości, które ma do dyspozycji kontrolowany podmiot w sytuacji, gdy nie zgadza się z decyzjami administracyjnymi wydanymi przez wybrane organy państwowe, działające na rzecz i w imieniu państwa. Podstawową metodą badawczą jest analiza obowiązujących aktów prawnych dotyczących działalności wybranych organów kontrolujących, a także publikacji zwartych i artykułów naukowych. Autorzy zauważają, że w praktyce prawo nie przewiduje w procesie odwoławczym drugiej instancji w ramach struktury Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych przed wniesieniem sprawy na drogę sądową.
EN
This paper describes the possible cancellation ways from the decisions issued by the three selected inspection structures, i.e. President of Personal Data Protection Office, National Labour Inspectorate and State Fire Service. The aim of this study is to compare the possible courses of action available for the inspected entity in case of disagreement on the decisions issued by particular inspection authorities. The basic research method taken into consideration is the analysis of binding legal acts concerning the activities of selected inspection structures (Personal Data Protection Office, National Labour Inspectorate and State Fire Service). The authors point out that in practice law does not provide for the second instance appeal process within the framework of President of Personal Data Protection Office before bringing the case to the court.
PL
Wstęp Funkcjonariusze Państwowej Straży Pożarnej (PSP) ze względu na specyfikę pracy i szeroki wachlarz zagrożeń częściej niż inne grupy zawodowe są narażeni na ryzyko wystąpienia wypadku przy pracy. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza występowania i skutków wypadków w środowisku pracy funkcjonariuszy PSP w Polsce w latach 2008–2013. Materiał i metody Analizie poddano materiał bazujący na danych zagregowanych, zebranych przez Komedę Główną Państwowej Straży Pożarnej. Zgodnie z tymi danymi w okresie od 1 stycznia 2008 r. do 31 grudnia 2013 r. miało miejsce 8518 wypadków przy pracy, w których rannych zostało 8635 osób. Wyniki Zarówno liczba wypadków, jak i wskaźnik częstości wypadków przy pracy nie uległy zasadniczym zmianom w analizowanych 6 latach. Grupą najbardziej narażoną na wypadki w zawodzie strażaka są czynni strażacy, pracujący w jednostkach ratowniczo-gaśniczych. Najwięcej osób poszkodowanych w latach 2008–2013 w PSP miało wypadki w trakcie zajęć sportowych. Dominującą przyczyną zdarzeń było nieprawidłowe zachowanie lub nieostrożność. Najczęstszymi urazami w wyniku wypadków były liczne złamania, pęknięcia kości i zwichnięcia. Wnioski Państwowa Straż Pożarna przygotowuje funkcjonariuszy pod względem przestrzegania zasad bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy podczas udziału w akcjach ratowniczych. Wypadki strażaków podczas służby zdecydowanie częściej miały miejsce w trakcie pobytu w jednostce – w czasie zajęć sportowych – niż rzeczywistych działań ratowniczych. Med. Pr. 2016;67(1):1–9
EN
Background Due to the specifics of their work and to being exposed to a wide range of hazards, firefighters working for the State Fire Service (SFS) face the risk of work-related accidents more often than members of other occupational groups. The aim of this paper is to analyze the occurrence and consequences of accidents in the work environment of the SFS officers in Poland between the years 2008–2013. Material and Methods The material analyzed is based on aggregate data collected by the Headquarters of the State Fire Service. Figures regarding accidents in the period between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2013 show that 8518 workrelated accidents occurred in that period and 8635 people were injured. Results The data shows that neither the number of accidents nor their frequency indicator underwent any significant fluctuations over the 6 years under consideration. The group that is most exposed to accidents on duty in the profession includes active firefighters serving in rescue and fire extinguishment divisions. According to the data, the greatest number of trauma incidents in the SFS between the years 2008–2013 occurred during sporting activities. The predominant cause of these was inappropriate behavior or the lack of proper care. The most frequent injuries sustained during the accidents were broken or fractured bones and sprained joints. Conclusions Accidents on duty occur significantly more often when firefighters are at their stations, during sporting classes, exercises or maneuvers, than in the course of actual rescue operations. The firefighters of the State Fire Services are insufficiently prepared for their sporting activities. Med Pr 2016;67(1):1–9
EN
Background The flexibility in coping with stress is a new construct in Europe, which allows for a more insightful understanding of individual coping mechanisms, perceived as a process of continuous search for more effective solutions. An individual who is capable of coping with stress in a flexible way, notices the lack of effectiveness of some methods of coping, seeks new solutions, has a wide repertoire of coping strategies, as well as shows reflexivity to see the lack of effectiveness in coping. The profession of a firefighter is characterized by a high level of stress, so people performing this profession should be aware of the remedial actions undertaken and their actual effectiveness. Material and Methods Altogether, 163 officers of the State Fire Service were examined. The following questionnaires were used in the study: the Polish adaptation of the Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy (IVE) Questionnaire, the Coping Flexibility Questionnaire (Polish name: Kwestionariusz elastyczności w radzeniu sobie ze stresem – KERS-14), and a personal survey. Results Firefighters with more risky attitudes were found to display greater flexibility in coping, in terms of having a wider repertoire and variability in the applied strategies. In the case of officers with the shortest service period (< 9 years), the lower level of empathy was associated with a higher variability of coping strategies, while in officers with the longest service period (> 14 years), the level of variation in coping strategies correlated positively with the level of empathy. Conclusions Risk taking propensity is an important predictor of flexibility in coping. The service period is a moderator (at the level of statistical tendency) of the relationship between empathy and flexibility in coping, especially in the field of variability in the use of coping strategies. Med Pr. 2019;70(5):555–65
PL
Wstęp Elastyczność w radzeniu sobie ze stresem jest w kulturze europejskiej nowym konstruktem. Pozwala lepiej rozumieć mechanizmy radzenia sobie jednostki ujmowane jako proces ciągłego poszukiwania nowych, bardziej skutecznych rozwiązań. Jednostka elastycznie radząca sobie ze stresem, która zauważa nieskuteczność podejmowanych przez siebie działań, posiada szeroki repertuar strategii radzenia sobie, szuka nowych rozwiązań i wykazuje się refleksyjnością pozwalającą na dostrzeżenie nieskuteczności działania. Zawód strażaka jest profesją charakteryzującą się wysokim poziomem stresu, a osoby go wykonujące powinny cechować się świadomością podejmowanych działań zaradczych i ich faktycznej skuteczności. Materiał i metody Zbadano 163 funkcjonariuszy Państwowej Straży Pożarnej. W badaniach korzystano z Kwestionariusza impulsywności (polska adaptacja Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness- Empathy − IVE Questionnaire), Kwestionariusza elastyczności w radzeniu sobie ze stresem (KERS-14) i ankiety osobowej. Wyniki Funkcjonariusze Państwowej Straży Pożarnej cechujący się bardziej nasiloną skłonnością do ryzyka wykazują większą elastyczność w radzeniu sobie ze stresem w zakresie dysponowania szerszym repertuarem i zmiennością stosowanych strategii. U funkcjonariuszy z najkrótszym stażem służby (< 9 lat) niższy poziom empatii wiązał się z wyższym poziomem zmienności strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem, a u funkcjonariuszy z najdłuższym stażem służby (> 14 lat) poziom zmienności tej strategii wzrastał wraz z poziomem empatii. Wnioski Skłonność do ryzyka jest istotnym predyktorem elastyczności w radzeniu sobie ze stresem. Staż służby jest moderatorem (na poziomie tendencji statystycznej) związku między empatią a elastycznością w radzeniu sobie ze stresem, szczególnie w zakresie zmienności stosowania strategii radzenia sobie. Med. Pr. 2019;70(5):555–565
EN
It is important to keep the right security standard of the state safety. This requires a proper condition of military and emergency services. Moreover, it needs a professional co-operation between them. According to these needs professional assignments have to be organized. All formations and subjects are in operation of emergency and security field. However, we have to consider two things – if these assignments are realistic projects or if they are only a part in a particular scenario.
PL
Utrzymanie właściwego poziomu bezpieczeństwa państwa wymaga odpowiedniej kondycji służb oraz podmiotów ratowniczych, a także profesjonalnej współpracy pomiędzy nimi. Wychodząc naprzeciw tym potrzebom, organizuje się ćwiczenia zgrywające pracę formacji i podmiotów funkcjonujących w dziedzinie ratownictwa i ochrony ludności. Jednak należy zastanowić się, czy ćwiczenia te są realistycznymi przedsięwzięciami, czy też polegają jedynie na odegraniu roli określonej w scenariuszu.
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