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EN
The article focuses on the artistic collaboration of the Romantic poet Stefan Witwicki with Frederic Chopin. Chopin’s compositions called Polish Songs  (op.74) are the most noteworthy example of the correspondence of music and literature in Polish Romanticism. The first seven songs inspired by Witwicki’s lyrics were created between 1828 and 1831 (the composer, however, had never played them during his concerts). The fact that Chopin’s songs combine both the sentimental and the insurgent tradition is essential for the understanding of the compositions. The interpretation of the selected poems of Witwicki shows that one can distinguish at least three types of nostalgia present in his works. They are as follows: nostalgic love, the nostalgic feeling connected with the collapse of the November Uprising and nostalgia caused by parting with family. It was observed that  Chopin and Witwicki easily succumbed to the feeling of nostalgia. Witwicki dedicated his Pastoral Songs to Chopin in 1830 and the composer began to write music for ten of Witwicki’s songs. His first composition was called The Wish. After leaving Warsaw, Chopin continued his work and composed A Fickle Maid, The Messenger, The Warrior, Drinking Song, Witchcraft. Other songs such as Troubled Waters, The Bridesgroom Return, The Ring, and Spring were written in Paris in the years 1838 – 1840. Witwicki’s death in 1847 came as a great shock for Chopin, he often complained about his loneliness. The close relationship of Chopin and Witwicki manifested itself not only in their artistic collaboration but also in their private lives.
EN
This text examines the literary works by Stefan Witwicki using subject criticism and a micrological perspective. The considerations are largely cataloguing-document in nature. Their purpose is to look at the intensity of the occurrence of terms related to insects and bugs, their functions and meanings. The text considers the context of cultural tradition and symbolism established by such usage. The conducted review indicates that insects and vermin are referred to infrequently. They may be encountered in different genres of texts, but they do not form a particular dominating component in the imagery. The vermin have two meanings in the poet’s works, representing the poverty of human existence and death. The spider is also linked to death. The butterfly and bee are traditionally associated with spring, meaning hope, rebirth, beauty, joy and happiness. The conventional term “chase (catch) the butterflies” functions in both positive (when it applies to high-flight dreams) and negative meanings (when it indicates reckless dealings with follies). In both cases, it stresses the volatility of experiences. The words “ant”, the Polish diminutive of ant “mróweczka”, and “anthill” do not diverge from the meanings associated with them. They express respectively: laboriousness, mediocrity or an agitated crowd of people. Locusts and flies served Witwicki in criticising human behaviour. He compares Russian soldiers devastating Poland to locusts. On the other hand, flies represent the mentality of then-contemporary tradesmen. Witwicki also presents human behaviours using the glow-worm (coupled with a child) and the grasshopper (associated with a poet). Both those parallels highlight either feelings of sympathy towards or enchantment with somebody. The analysed zoomorphic details participate in creating the metamorphic language of Witwicki. They appear in figurative structures and, on several occasions, in the function of comparison.
PL
W pracy, korzystającej z doświadczeń krytyki tematycznej i perspektywy mikrologicznej, uczyniono przedmiotem badań twórczość literacką Stefana Witwickiego. Rozważania mają w dużym stopniu charakter katalogowo-dokumentacyjny. Ich celem jest przyjrzenie się intensywności występowania określeń związanych z owadami i robakami, ich funkcji i znaczeniom. Uwzględniono kontekst tradycji kulturowej i utrwalonej przez nią symboliki. Z dokonanego przeglądu wynika, że owady i robaki przywoływane są rzadko. Spotkać je można co prawda w tekstach pod względem gatunkowym rozmaitych, ale nie tworzą jakiejś specjalnej dominanty w obrazowaniu. Robak miewa u poety dwa znaczenia: wyobraża nędzę ludzkiej egzystencji oraz śmierć. Ze śmiercią wiąże się również pająk. Motyla i pszczołę tradycyjnie powiązano z wiosną, a więc z nadzieją, odrodzeniem, pięknem, rozkoszą, szczęściem, miłością. Konwencjonalne sformułowanie „gonić (łapać) motyle” funkcjonuje zarówno w sensie pozytywnym (gdy dotyczy górnolotnych marzeń), jak i negatywnym (gdy sygnalizuje beztroskie zajmowanie się głupstwami). W obu przypadkach akcentuje się ulotność przeżyć. Nazwy „mrówka”, „mróweczka”, „mrowisko” wyrażają odpowiednio: pracowitość, przeciętność, zaaferowany tłum ludzi. Szarańcza i muchy posłużyły Witwickiemu do krytyki ludzkiego postępowania. Z szarańczą porównuje się wojska niemieckie i rosyjskie żołdactwo pustoszące Polskę. Muchy zaś ilustrują współczesną kupiecką mentalność. Ludzkie zachowania przedstawia Witwicki, wprowadzając także robaczka świętojańskiego (zestawionego z dzieckiem) i konika polnego (zestawionego z poetą). Obie te paralele podkreślają uczucia sympatii żywionej wobec kogoś lub zachwytu nad kimś. Analizowane „drobiazgi” zoomorficzne współtworzą metaforyczny język Witwickiego. Pojawiają się w konstrukcjach przenośnych, a kilkakrotnie jako porównania.
Tematy i Konteksty
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2023
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vol. 18
|
issue 13
88-100
EN
The aim of the article is to present the Stefan Witwicki’s attitude to nationality in his The Pilgrim’s Evenings [Wieczory pielgrzyma]. In this work the author expresses his concern about the French language, which is increasingly used by Poles, also in their homes. Witwicki treats it as a threat to Polish culture, which in his opinion needs to be preserved, especially during the time of captivity. The writer perceives the Polish language as an important element of national identity, he consideres taking care of the native language as a special expression of freedom and independence in the absence of political liberty. Witwicki is trying to convince his countrymen how important it is to cultivate Polish traditions, but unfortunately he notices that his recommendations are not implemented.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie stosunku Stefana Witwickiego do narodowości w jego Wieczorach pielgrzyma. W tym dziele autor wyraża zaniepokojenie językiem francuskim, którym Polacy coraz częściej posługują się także w swoich domach. Witwicki traktuje to jako zagrożenie dla polskiej kultury, którą jego zdaniem trzeba chronić, zwłaszcza w okresie niewoli. Pisarz postrzega język polski jako ważny element tożsamości narodowej, dbanie o język ojczysty uważa za szczególny wyraz wolności i niezależności wobec braku wolności politycznej. Witwicki próbuje przekonać rodaków, jak ważne jest kultywowanie polskich tradycji, niestety zauważa, że jego zalecenia nie są realizowane.
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85%
PL
Chopin’s life in Warsaw fell at a time of important phenomena and processes in history, the arts, aesthetics, etc. This article deals with the artistic and social milieu to which the composer belonged and looks at the question of the common artistic imagination and aesthetic ideas elaborated within that environment, based on the example of Chopin and two poets: Stefan Witwicki and Dominik Magnuszewski. Chopin’s relationship with Witwicki, which gave rise to his songs to the poet’s texts and lasted into their time in exile, is considered in respect to discussion on folk culture that was on-going at that time. That culture was treated as a sign of the nobly archaic or else as a manifestation o f modern art, of the “art of the future”. These convictions did not function as alternatives; their overlapping characterised various aspects of early romanticism. The output of Magnuszewski, meanwhile, shows the transformation of traditional figures of rhetoric into Romantic means of expression. It displays a style of writing that constitutes an act o f Romantic hermeneutics in respect to the language of tradition. Avoiding simple comparisons of works of very different artistic level and significance, the author analyses Chopin’s relationships with the two poets by reference to the generational experience - as variously understood - of creative artists born during the first decade of the nineteenth century, which connected artists of different levels of talent and varying individual fortunes.
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 3
031-050
EN
The article concerns the traces of the Old Testament apocrypha IV Ezra in the Polish literature of the nineteenth century. It shows how the prose (novel Mirtala of Eliza Orzeszkowa) and Polish poetry (Ezra’s prayer of Maria Konopnicka and Ezra and Uriel of Stefan Witwicki) exploit issues evoked by the Biblical apocrypha and portray the figure of its author. The analyzed texts demonstrate that the Polish writers knew the Old Testament apocrypha and therefore it explains its presence in the Polish literary culture of the nineteenth century. An interesting issue is the question of how Polish culture absorbed the apocryphal book. Numerous textual and archival traces lead to French and German works, but an indication of specific sources is still a research task for biblical scholars and historians of literature.
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