The article diagnoses changes in the theory of information-retrieval languages (or: indexing languages), resulted from a dynamic development of Internet and knowledge organization (as a research field within information science). Regarding continuous increase of natural language’s share in information retrieval, this diagnosis justifies a question concerning future of information-retrieval languages (IRL). Answering this, the author underlines the need of a new IRL definition, considering also the role of natural language in information retrieval processes. After analysis of selected Polish and foreign IRL definitions, the author presents his own proposal.
With the explosion-like development of science and technology we can witness today, the growth of special vocabulary, just like nearly all economic or social processes, has accelerated greatly. Such progress has resulted in quite a new situation with respect to defining new concepts, proposing and systematizing new terms for them, that is, in the research and development of terminology. This paper surveys some major features of the renewal of scientific and technological terminology, followed by a detailed account of the development of terminology in a relatively new branch of physics. As a concrete example, the term 'lézer' (laser) and its integration in the Hungarian system of terminology is discussed. The reason why it is some characteristic aspects of the terminological development of laser physics that are presented here is that useful experience can be gained for terminological development in general from an area in which new terminology has been successfully created in a fast progressing field and has also been integrated in the overall system of terminology. Finally, the imminent tasks of reforming terminology are summarized, including reasons leading to terminological confusion and the ways of overcoming them.
The first part of the paper deals with the preparation and publication of Slavic onomastic terminology, connected with the merits of Dr. Olivova-Nezbedova. Terminology is (and must be) a well-balanced reflection of the achieved state of research in the field of the individual interpretations of names, as well as onomastic theoretical interpretation of proper-name spheres of languages. Due to this assumption, the repertory of the hitherto used terms should be enriched by the terms for categories, classes and phenomena newly postulated in contemporary Slavic theoretical onomastics. In this connection, an attemt is made to distinguish between the categories of onymic context and onymic field.
In the paper we try to reconstruct the system of local administration in Mojmír’s Moravia. We start from the assumption that the terms used in the Old Slavonic translation of the Nomokanon to designate units in the ecclesiastical administration probably reflected the terms used in local administration in the language of the time. Attention is devoted to units designated as oblastь, strojenije, predělъ, gradъ, město, vьsь, strana. Then we try to identify these territorial units in the system of local administration, their place in the supposed hierarchical structure with a hypothetical description of their organization.
The author discusses the terms 'Baroque' and 'Classical' as used in historiography, art history and fine-art history. He follows the changes of meaning of the terms 'Baroque' and 'Classical' from the 17th-20th century, and tries to discern the style features of the Baroque and Classical periods. His article is based on his own earlier works dealing with this subject, and on conclusions of the scientific discussion which took place in Bohemian, European and American historical and musicological works in the first six decades of the 20th century.
The article is devoted to the institute of the former 'parental power', that was removed from our law by the Act No 94/1963 Coll. on family. By its entry into force a different conception, based on the atomization of this collective institute to the individual rights and obligations of the parents was introduced in the family law. This conception is however already outdated from the view of international obligations of the Slovak law as well as from the view of the systematics of the law. The aim of the article was to justify this conclusion and try to find a new name for this collective institute. At present the amendment of the Civil Code is being prepared, to which the family-law relations will be integrated in Part II. It is an opportunity for expert discussion on terminological problems of the family law which will help to create a new Act in compliance with the requirements put on it by the new social conditions. It is the main ambition of the article.
The basic requirement for international professional communication is a precise expression and a harmonized multilingual terminology of the domain. The author treats the possibility of establishing such a system of terms in the field of slaughtering meat, its culinary preparation and the preparation of dishes at the base of meat. The aim is to create a French-Slovak system of terms used in the field of gastronomy previously envisaged. Resources can be divided into several groups: recipe books, culinary dictionaries and encyclopaedic works, research, manuals, standards and codes, etc. The research provides not only partially harmonized terminology, but also shows a number of specific semantic and terminological inconsistencies, as well as suggestions for their solution. The various methods and processes necessary to delineate the subject, to create systems of terms and to harmonize terminology will be attempted. At the end, a critical evaluation of results will be proposed from the point of view of confirming or rebutting assumptions about the harmonization and equivalence of the terminology being addressed.
The article presents reflections concerning a few transformations of the information society, as seen in terminology of modern library and information science in Poland. The authors discusses issues arising around terms: contents, document, information object, digital object, and resource.
The breach of contract and its consequences present the topic that is regulated in a quite blind way in conditions of the Slovak legal milieu. The above mentioned fact is not true in the so called 'European private law initiatives' that are many times denoted as model regulations for the particular national legal regulations. Due to the re-codification efforts in Slovakia, it is necessary to analyze the possibilities of the national legislature in detail. The basic presumption is the account with the problematic terminological aspects, such as a breach of contract versus non-performance and consequences versus remedies. In this way, only the above mentioned account enables finding of the relevant solutions of the problematic aspects of the national regulation.
An attempt is made to analyse different degrees of the persons' names terminology according to their belonging to the certain collective, political party, residence etc..
Music lexicography has been attracting linguists' attention for a few decades now. The area has seen a lot of activity at an international level, especially in the past ten to fifteen years. There are a large number of works on music lexicography, even though the study of lexicographic works and musical terms is a relatively new discipline. In this paper, the authors survey the preliminaries concerning Hungarian music terminology and music lexicography; they select and analyse some of the Hungarian dictionaries of musical terms, and conclude by describing ongoing large-scale international lexicographic projects on music lexicography.
The article is concerned with the varied terminology applied in the literature on the so-called Faiyum portraits. It discusses the terms most commonly used in publications, explains their origin and meaning, and finally suggests how they should be applied or what they should be replaced with. In both older and newer literature of the subject we can find several terms referring to Egyptian sepulchral pictures. They are often used interchangeably and inconsistently. The most frequent term is the 'mummy portrait', linking two-dimensional Faiyum paintings with mummies and with funeral rites, which does not seem accurate since the question of their sepulchral function has not yet been settled. The term is also used with reference to three-dimensional gilded and cartonnage masks from a different period. Apart from the term 'mummy portrait' there is a widely used notion of 'Faiyum portraits', which is derived from the Faiyum Oasis, where the first examples of portraits dated to the 1st-4th c. CE were found. Nowadays we know of specimen of such portraits from all over Egypt and from other territories. Another term is the 'coffin portrait', which is clearly wrong, as the portraits in question were never attached to coffins. Some terms applied to Faiyum portraits are connected with the painting technique or the material. For example the term 'encaustic portrait' refers to the technique of painting with wax on an unprimed surface, while the 'tempera portrait' was painted on a primed surface with tempera paints. Those notions, as well as the term 'easel portrait', are certainly overused and applied interchangeably with the term 'mummy portrait', although the works in question were also painted with other media and on varied surfaces. It should be stressed that not all funeral portraits painted on canvas and included in the Faiyum group were directly connected with mummies. In the relevant period in Egyptian funeral rites in addition to shrouds and mummy portraits there was a place for draperies, which decorated the tomb during burial feasts; they showed the deceased person in the company of Anubis and Osiris. In order to clarify the terminology concerning the Egyptian painting of the 1st-4th c. it is necessary to use certain terms consistently in certain contexts. Egyptian painting can be divided into several groups: pictures on everyday items, wall paintings, pictures on canvas and papyrus (including wall draperies, funeral draperies and illuminations of magic texts) and easel paintings. It is the last group that should include propaganda portraits, satirical and genre painting, religious pictures and commemorative images, with a separate category for imagines clipeatae, imagines maiorum and the images of family members in altars, which in various publications have been included in the category of mummy portraits (e.g. in K. Parlaska's catalogue). The meaning of the traditional term 'Faiyum portraits' should be narrowed to two-dimensional portraits painted on wood (panel portraits) and on canvas, including portraits showing only the face of the deceased person, portraits attached to mummies and funeral shrouds. The category should not include draperies. The terms which refer to the origin, authorship or addressees of this type of painting, such as 'Greco-Egyptian portraits' or 'Roman-Egyptian portraits' should be abandoned due to the complexity of the issue. The consistent application of the terms presented will allow scholars to avoid categorizing together artefacts of different function, origin, technique, character and chronology.
'Information literacy' - this term is very popular on the world, but is ambiguous and lots of people have difficulty in defining it. In Poland there is any equivalent term. In Polish professional literature a few term are used, but none of them is used commonly.
The custom of smoking tobacco in pipes was accepted in Poland later than that of taking snuff or chewing tobacco leaves. In Western Europe pipes came into common use during the Thirty Years War. In Poland, according to an account from 1671, they were not popular yet, and were used mainly by soldiers and artisans. In the 18th c., however, pipes were already very popular throughout society, including its elite. Both pipes and snuff were commonly used until cigarettes appeared in the second half of the 19th c. Smokers in old Poland used various kinds of pipes, either consisting of one piece or of three pieces; the latter type was called lulka. In thee-part pipes the three pieces (the bowl, the stem and the mouthpiece) were made separately, usually of different materials. Bowls were usually made of clay, stems - of wood and mouthpieces - of horn. Some pipes were additionally equipped with a string to be hanged on. Poles mostly used three-part clay pipes manufactured in Poland or imported from Bulgaria or Turkey. Short-stem pipes were more handy and could be used while working or travelling; they were also easy to store. Smoking tobacco in long-stem pipes required not only assistance in lighting but also leisure to enjoy it to the full. Therefore long-stem pipes were mostly an attribute of the rich and an object of luxury. Burghers, soldiers and the poor used simple short-stem pipes. Pipe bowls increased as the production of tobacco grew and its price fell. An analysis of pipes in terms of origin, construction and production technology can provide data on the directions of cultural influence and trade links in old Poland, as well as on the popularization of certain smoking routines. Issues connected with three-part clay pipes - their construction, production or origin - have been tackled only marginally in some Polish publications. No attention has been devoted to terminology, which is used imprecisely in the Polish literature of the subject.Most Polish terms referring to smoking accessories (lulka, cybuch, antypka, kapciuch, stambulka) have Oriental etymology. This might suggest that Eastern models had a decisive influence on accepting pipes in Poland. On the other hand, terms such as fajka, munsztuk and pipka point to the Western origin of the phenomenon. The origin of clay pipes is usually difficult to establish. Most specimen are not marked and have no ornaments that could be helpful in dating. Only Turkish pipes, which have a characteristic shape and are sometimes marked with the producer's sign, are easier to identify. Between the 17th and 19th c. three-part pipes were probably manufactured in twelve places in the Commonwealth: Alwernia, Biecz, Brzozow, Gdansk, Gliniany, Glinsk, Mrzyglod, Rabka, Staszów, Vilnius and Warsaw. This has been confirmed by numerous finds of pipes in the town of Biecz and the remains of pottery workshops discovered in Warsaw and Vilnius. With only spoken evidence available, it is difficult to be sure about the production of pipes in Gdansk. The existence of a workshop in Staszów is confirmed by signed pipe bowls found in various archaeological sites, e.g. in Tykocin and Warsaw. Pipes and their fragments have been found in various Ukrainian towns, e.g. in Zolkiew and Kiev, which confirms that their manufacture was undertaken in the 19th c in Glinsk. To confirm the production of clay pipes in the remaining places mentioned, as well as in towns missing from the above list, it is necessary to undertake historical and archaeological research which could supply data on the development of pipe-making craft in a given area.
In Central and Southern Europe, conscious and planned language reform movements started to unfold in the late eighteenth century, culminating in the middle of the nineteenth. The emergence of specialized terminologies of Czech, Hungarian, and Croatian (as well as, to some extent, of Serbian) shows a number of similarities. Their mental roots can be found in the ideas of the enlightenment. Their fundamental aim was to express, in the respective mother tongues, the new terms of civilization in the broadest sense. That aim was served by the language reform movements whose earliest significant results were embodied in German-based terminological dictionaries of the various Slavonic languages published in the mid-nineteenth century. This paper deals with the reasons, antecedents, and results of those movements.
The paper scrutinizes several linguistic issues which are crucial for understanding the role of a crisis as a driving force for total revision of the axiological hierarchies. Pragmatics of the key terminology, verbalization of the modern valuable ideas and parallelism of the traditional and non-traditional values are in the centre of the study. Development of the values ‘old age’, ‘life’, ‘health’ in Russian and Bulgarian languages serves as an illustration for the theoretic matters.
The article is dealing with the phenomenon of folklorism and reviews selected contributions to its theory during last decades. The author presents concepts of folklorism, fakelore, public folklore, folklove through attitudes of some respected folklorists. Last part of article is devoted to enumerating of actual problems concerning folklorism in folkloristics in Slovakia.
The paper aims to depict the role of Slovenská reč in the development and consolidation of Slovak terminology. The first part focusing on the 1932-1953 period presents the intense quest for principles of terminology consolidation and creation of terminologies in respective domains. The second part, dealing with the period beginning in 1953, reflects especially the boom of terminological work in Slovakia as well as the mandatory coordination of Slovak and Czech terminologies. Subsequent decades saw intensive research on contemporary Slovak terminology as well as terminological units in Slovak dialects and pre-standard varieties of Slovak.
Author is dealing with the problem of translation from Arabic to Czech. He’s concentrating on translating terminology from range of egyptology. Author emphasizes that translator should not only translate but also explain some translated words. In this case he should have good knowledge of both languages and both cultures. One of translation problems is difference of grammatical gender between Arabic and Czech, for example Abú Hawl – masculine gender, sfinga – feminine gender.
The study examines popular genres in Italian cinema of 60's – 70's as a sociocultural phenomenon in the context of cultural background and film industry. The text structured as inter-disciplinal interpretation explores the theme in the level of textual and inter-textual analysis and includes wide framework of various aspects related to questions of elected subject of study. The essay examines also Italian genre terminology and titles of some films that belongs into popular cycles and series of concrete genres. The study demonstrates on some examples that interests and intentions of filmmakers, producers, distributors and audience with regard to film genres are absolutely different. The text is based on methodological approach of inter-disciplinal conception of history of Italian cinema that applies Italian film historian and theorist Gian Piero Brunetta in his long series of books and several times revised and completed work.
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