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EN
A new inmate, or 'rookie', who enters a total institution, usually faces 'tests' and 'games' organized by the 'old crew'. This paper argues that such initiation rituals are often designed by inmates in order to uncover a rookie's personal characteristics, such as toughness and cleverness. While such rituals may seem violent, they usually involve more skillful deception and tricks than pain and suffering. The basic idea is to persuade the rookie that he or she faces some tough choice - and watch his or her reaction to adverse or unusual circumstances. The mock character of a typical test creates a fundamental problem for its validity since an informed rookie can simulate both toughness and cleverness. Thus, an informed rookie cannot be distinguished from one with the desired characteristics. This problem is well recognized by most knowledgeable inmates and motivates them to search for new games and tests. The result is a wide variety of competing tests, frequent changes of argot and the secret code of behavior. The initiation rituals are modeled as simple games and decision problems. The ethnographic material was collected by the author as a political prisoner in Poland in 1985.
EN
The paper analyzes publications on refugees in Poland. It presents the conceptual asymmetries and clichés that might hinder the realization of the postulate that the researchers should be the translators of the worldviews of both the refugees and the members of the host society. Three types of asymmetries are being discussed. The first one concerns the unequal regard to the trustworthy and motives of informants. Many authors treat the relations given by the refugees under study as statements on facts, while the relations of other categories of informants as declarations. By the same token, the explaining of the motives of actions in the case of refugees usually takes into account the broad cultural context, while in the case of other categories of research subjects this context is not embodied yet their actions are being evaluated. The second asymmetry pertains to the explanation of the failure of the adaptation processes, which is not matched by a similar one as far as success stories are concerned. Eventually, the third asymmetry consists of differentiated attitudes with regard to the non-governmental organizations and the state agencies. It is often the case that non-governmental organizations are a priori positively evaluated, while state agencies negatively. The paper also considers another often encountered conceptual cliché which describes the centers for refugees as a total institution. The empirical material under analysis shows that these do not fit Erving Goffman's definition of this phenomenon.
PL
Klasyczna socjologia poddaje analizie, oraz często także ocenie, zmiany zachodzące w obszarze więzi międzyludzkich. Dominujące w stowarzyszeniu styczności rzeczowe są źródłem osamotnienia. Wyrazem solidarności organicznej jest zarówno autonomizacja, jak i wzrost uzależnienia jednostki od społeczeństwa. Ograniczenie wspólnotowej (wspólnej, tradycyjnej) wizji świata rozwija potencjał emancypującego dyskursu, ale jednocześnie ułatwia procesom systemowym kolonizację świata przeżywanego. Statek morski wydaje się dla analiz tworzenia ładu społecznego (konstytuowania się więzi), szczególnie z badawczego punktu widzenia, interesującą platformą interakcji. Część ładu narzucona jest z zewnątrz (proceduralnie), część jednak musi się wytworzyć od nowa. Szczególnie ta spontaniczna część odtwarzania interakcji jest, z socjologicznego punktu widzenia, zagadnieniem ciekawym. Jaka jest świadomość kreowania porządku w czasie rejsu? Jaki charakter więzi się wytwarza? W jaki sposób dochodzi do instytucjonalizacji wzorów interakcji? W polskich socjologicznych badaniach załóg statków dalekomorskich (głównie rybackich) skupiano się na więziach między ich członkami. Podkreślano specyfikę więzi wynikającą z zespołowości pracy, niebezpieczeństw pracy na morzu, niepewności zysków. Przemiany w zakresie gospodarki morskiej ograniczyły liczebność polskich dalekomorskich statków rybackich, toteż autorzy artykułu przeprowadzili badania wśród członków załogi dalekomorskich statków handlowych. Materiał badawczy to głównie wywiady swobodne z listą pytań ukierunkowanych. Jedna z hipotez, która okazała się owocna i warta dalszej eksploracji, mówi o upowszechnieniu się nowoczesnych technologii, jako nośników rozrywki i środków komunikacji oraz o ich oddziaływaniu na erozję więzi między członkami załogi. Wyniki badań mogą być początkiem budowania koncepcji przemian w zakresie więzi społecznych na statku w perspektywie teorii aktora-sieci (ANT).
EN
Classic sociology has thoroughly explored and evaluated the changes in social bonds. Contractual and impersonal relationships prevailing in an association are the source of alienation; the organic solidarity may be characterized by both autonomization and the growth of dependence of an individual on the so ciety. The limitation of community-like (common, traditional) Weltanschauung develops the potential of emancipative discourse, but at the same time facilitates the colonization of Lebenswelt by the systemic processes. For a researcher, a sea vessel seems to be an interesting platform of interactions to analyze how social order is created (and bonds developed). Some part of order is of course enforced by procedures (from “the outside”), but others have to be constructed from the very beginning. Especially, the spontaneous part of reproducing interactions is from a sociological point of view an exciting issue. What is the consciousness of creating order during a voyage? What kind of bond is established? How are interaction patterns institutionalized? The Polish research on the crews of deep-sea vessels (especially fishing ones) often focused on the bonds between the crew members. The specifi city of the seamen’s work stemming from its team nature, dangerous conditions and uncertainty of profits was emphasized. Currently the transformation of maritime economy in Poland has resulted in a signifi cant reduction of the number of fi shing vessels, so for the purpose of this paper the research was carried out among the crew members of merchant deep-sea vessels. The research material consists mainly in unstructured interviews with a list of topics to be covered. One of the hypotheses which proved to be promising and worth exploring in further research is the one about the pervasiveness of modern technologies as carriers of entertainment and sources of communication and about their impact on the erosion of the bonds between the crew members. The research results may be the beginning of developing a theoretical frame of transformation of social bonds on a vessel in the perspective of action-network-theory (ANT).
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