Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 24

first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  TRADE
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
1
Content available remote

Handel polsko-niemiecki w latach 1918–2006 (uwarunkowania i etapy rozwoju)

100%
Kowal S.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2008
|
vol. 68
151-172
EN
The economic relations between Poland and Germany from the end of the First World War to 1996, perceived mainly from the Polish viewpoint, were marked by three attempts at an intensification of trade. The first took place in the wake of the outbreak of a customs war in the middle of 1925. At the time, representatives of the German economic circles and the Polish economic spheres, supported by the Polish government, embarked upon efforts to sign a trade treaty. A conspicuous commercial boost occurred in the 1970s, when upon the basis of imported technologies and foreign credits the Polish authorities intended to modernise Polish industry, with prime attention concentrated on West Germany. The third period in trade intensification accompanied the advantageous privatisation conducted in Poland during the 1990s. This process was favoured by an inflow of German capital as part of direct foreign investments and by Poland’s access to the European Union.
2

Czy Śląsk stanowił region ekonomiczny w XII-XV w.? Czynniki spajające i dezintegrujące terytorium regionalne pod względem gospodarczym

100%
Myśliwski G.
Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka
|
2012
|
vol. 67
|
issue 4
79–102
EN
This article constitutes an attempt at answering the question whether Silesia, aside from being a distinct historical region was also a distinct economic region. The author starts with Robert E. Dickinson’s theory of economic regions, the basic assumptions of which are shared by contemporary researchers of regional economies. Economic resources, similar economic policies of Silesian rulers in the 13th and 14th centuries, high, in comparison to neighbouring regions, level of urbanisation and the centralising capacity of Wrocław are considered to be the binding forces of the Silesian economic region. Factors retarding the economic cohesion of Silesia were analysed as well. Those were as follows: natural disasters, invasions, internal strife, criminal activity on trade routes, as well as a crisis within the mining industry since the middle of the 14th century. Since the final years of the 13th century Silesia became an economic region containing Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia and Opava. This was not, however a pure cohesion, seeing as Lower Silesia was economically superior to the other regions, while they had strong ties to Lesser Poland. Despite that the crisis events that took place from about 1350 until 1450 did not cause cessation of economic bonds between these three constituents of Silesia. In comparison to every bordering, historical and economic region, the region of Silesia was distinct due to advanced gold mining industry, export of red dyeing agent (marzanna) as well as the highest number of cities with population of 3,000 to 14,000. Further distinct properties of Silesian economy are noticeable in comparison with other distinct historical regions.
3

Customs as facilitation of trade: Case of Albania

100%
Bajrami E., Sharku G.
Contemporary Economics
|
2010
|
issue 1(13)
223-232
EN
Economic cooperation and trade between countries of region is very important as a opening step for entering in big markets like EU-s. All agreements have a huge impact in customs administration for elimination of customs taxes and for facilitation of trade during customs crossing. Trade integration is seen as faster way for countries to complete all necessary condition for European Integration. This process requires fulfillment of all reforms, needed for approaches the development and integration between countries. This process is spread in time because of the feature and difference between society and their economies. Regional economic integration is considered an import component for longterm integration of South Eastern European countries in EU. Membership of Albania in WTO brings a number of free trade agreements, with the main purpose trade liberalization. The essences of these agreements have been liberalization of customs tariffs for increasing foreign trade and attract foreign investors. The loss of customs income will be compensating from imports increasing and economic development in general. The role of Customs has changed from one of a complete focus on revenue collection to a broad role encompassing components of revenue collection, trade facilitation and border security. Simplified customs procedures and documents are very important for improving relation of business and government and also improving business performance. The aim of this paper is to point out the roles, responsibilities and challenges of customs, for concluding this we have conducted a survey for analyzing the performance of customs in Albania.
4
Content available remote

„Jesteśmy za biedni, aby urlop spędzać w kraju”. Masowa turystyka i nielegalny handel w latach sześćdziesiątych XX w. Perspektywa polska

100%
Kochanowski J.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2008
|
vol. 68
125-150
EN
In the second half of the 1960s consent to tourist trips to socialist countries instantly affected the development of an unofficial trade exchange involving, on a literally mass-scale, the citizens of those countries, with the Poles, the Hungarians and the Yugoslavs in the forefront. The purpose of the 'tourist trade' was to obtain commodities unavailable, expensive or difficult to purchase at home as well as to make a profit. This is the reason why the phenomenon, which fulfilled various social needs, was to a considerable extent tolerated (if not outright inspired) by the authorities. In the course of a single decade the 'tourist trade', which increasingly often transcended also the Iron Curtain, resulted in a professional penetration of markets and recognition of the scale of the existing shortages, requirements, potential and profits and, as a consequence, in devising new supra-system commercial strategies, quite independent of state institutions.
5

FORMOVANIE ORGANIZAČNEJ ŠTRUKTÚRY A AKTIVITY OBCHODNÝCH SPOLOČNOSTÍ SLOVENSKÝCH PAPIERENSKÝCH A CELULÓZOVÝCH PODNIKOV V ROKOCH 1939 – 1945

100%
Mičko P.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue 3
491 – 519
EN
Wood and wood product commerce was a very important area of the foreign trade of the Czechoslovak Republic and later the Slovak Republic (1939–1945). As a part of the state business activities the trade in cellulose and paper products was also an important aspect of it. After the change in the geopolitical conditions in Central Europe and the establishment of the Slovak state, cellulose and paper trade organizations were formed in Slovakia. Gradually, agreements were concluded between individual businesses, which shaped the organizational structure of companies and specific rules of their activities. The agreements included securing the sale of contracted cellulose inland and abroad, representing and protecting the interests of the Slovak cellulose industry, and contacts with foreign organizations. The conclusion of an agreement also meant the redistribution of export quotas for individual companies.
6

THE BUSINESS CONNECTIONS OF JEWISH MERCHANTS FROM CHELM IN THE LIGHT OF CUSTOMS DECLARATIONS FROM THE YEARS 1560-1566 (Kontakty handlowe Zydów chelmskich w swietle rekognicji celnych z lat 1560-1566)

100%
Gruszka A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 1
107-117
EN
Jewish merchants played an important role in Polish trade. This issue has been researched by many historians, including I. Schiper, Z. Guldon, J. Morgenstern and J. Malecki. The article explores the intense activity of Jewish merchants from Chelm observable in the second half of the 16th c. In the Central Archives of Historical Record in Warsaw there are customs declarations of Jewish merchants from Chelm, submitted to the customs houses in Lublin, Lvov and Busko. As to the towns with which Chelm merchants had trade connections, most declarations concern Lublin (62), then there was Lvow (24), Gniezno (14) Chelm (2) and Kazimierz (1). There are also 9 declarations from the Lublin customs house, specifying neither the town from which the commodities were expedited nor their destination, and 2 declarations from the customs house in Busko lacking the destination. Declarations contain information on the town to which a given tradesman carried his commodity, on its quantity, on the customs payable and on whether it was paid. An analysis of the declarations has led to the conclusion that most of them were connected with fairs. For example, out of 62 declarations concerning Lublin 59 were connected with fairs. The majority of merchants came to the winter fair on the 2nd of February (35 declarations, 59%); other fairs attracted relatively fewer tradesmen. The same concerned Gniezno, with 12 declarations (86%) connected with the spring fair on the 23rd of April and 2 (14 %) with the summer fair on the 24th of July. The situation in Lvov was slightly different, yet the majority of declarations (66%) can be connected with fairs. As to the distribution of commodities, Lublin and Gniezno were common destinations for hides. Declarations mention large quantities (several thousand) of cowhides, goatskins, sheepskins etc. Other goods include wax, suet and honey. The most important commodities brought to Lublin and Chelm were woollen textiles of different types in huge quantities, then barrelled herring, ironmongery, scythes, sickles, nails, homespun coats and stall assortment for a fixed sum of money. The declarations indicate that Chelm merchants often did business in various towns. For instance, the Jew Saul Nowakowicz in 1565 was in Lvow at St Agnes' fair (the 21st of January) and in May returned from Gniezno from St Adalbert's fair (the 23rd of April). This example, which is one of many, corroborates many Polish historians' findings concerning the zones of exchange in the Polish territories. Chelm merchants participated in the pendulum-like movement between Lvov in the south and Gniezno in the north-east, with Chelm and Lublin in between. To sum up, the analysis of customs declarations has shed new light on the issue of trade in Chelm. Although the data and sources pertaining to the subject are scarce, the declarations confirm that the town was a significant trading centre and that the exchange with other towns was developing successfully.
7
Content available remote

Ludność żydowska w rzemiośle i wczesnej produkcji przemysłowej na Białorusi w pierwszej połowie XIX w.

100%
Stępniewska-Holzer B.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2008
|
vol. 68
13-33
EN
The crafts comprised the prime source of employment for the Jews in Byelorussia and the basic branch of their economy. As late as the end of the nineteenth century the Jews dominated in this domain: in the towns of certain gubernias they constituted 80% of all craftsmen, and some of the crafts were almost totally controlled by them. The crisis of both Christian and Jewish guilds progressed as the capitalist enterprises grew stronger. During the 1830s the tradesmen’s capital, amassed since the first decade of the nineteenth century, served the growth of Jewish factories. The latter were by no means large-scale ventures, and in the following decades, in particular in Byelorussia, they did not compete with large industrial enterprises with state treasury capital but were based on an unskilled and cheap labour force. The Jewish factories in western Byelorussia, gradually developing in the mid-nineteenth century and working predominantly for the needs of the textile branch, began employing pauperised Jewish apprentices. Steadily, they faced the competition of state enterprises with their modernised machinery park and relatively better work conditions.
8

Hlobalizatsiia yak zakonomirnist rozvytku suchasnoi ekonomiky Ukrainy

100%
Kosyk Y. V., Chyhryn O. Y.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2011
|
vol. 2 (52)
191-196
EN
The article analyzes the impact of globalization on the national economic of Ukraine. Problems of positive and negative aspects of globalization of economy of Ukraine are illuminated. We consider a program to improve the competitiveness of Ukrainian economy in the globalized world.
9

Z DEJÍN OBCHODU NA SPIŠI (15. – 17. STOROČIE)

100%
Lengová M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
|
2012
|
vol. 15
|
issue 2
-
EN
This article describes the main developments in trading activities in the Spiš region. This region was a major trading area, which boasted important international trading routes from prehistoric times. Settlements were built on and near these trading routes, later giving rise to the markets. The settlements engaged in international trade in the Spiš region as early as in the thirteenth century. Besides the chief trading centres of Kežmarok and Levoča, there were numerous medium-sized cities, which have also developed into important trading centres. For this reason, competition among these cities was characteristic of the economic development in this region.
10

TRANSPARENCY: A KEY PRINCIPLE IN GENDER-TRADE RELATIONSHIP

88%
Cerezo D. L., Frenández E. V.-M.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
|
2021
|
vol. 14
|
issue 1
12 – 29
EN
Women have a critical role in sustaining the economy and in the development of trade. However, such role has long been invisible due to orthodox conceptions that have ignored the gender variable in commercial analyses. Today, it is generally accepted that neither the economy nor business are gender neutral and that the performance of these activities often impact negatively the lives of women. Women’s participation in trade, on equal terms as men, in any of the various possible roles ― producer, wage earner, consumer, merchant, taxpayer ― will not only favour the lives of women, but also the performance of the economies in which they participate. Transparency, as a principle of the multilateral trading system, can play a significant role as a strategy for the empowerment of women.
11

ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA AND THE MEMBER STATES OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP

88%
Božiċ Miljkoviċ I.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue 2
158 – 179
EN
The paper analyses the effects and measures the intensity of economic cooperation that Serbia has achieved with the member countries of the Visegrad Group (V4 Group) from 2000 until today. The starting hypothesis is that the common cultural and historical heritage, the geographical proximity of the market and the common experience of the economic transition process can be an incentive for the development of economic cooperation between Serbia and the countries of the V4 Group. A gravity econometric model Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator was used to test the hypothesis. The results of the research confirm a significantly positive impact of the GDP of Serbia and the observed countries, a significantly negative impact of distance and a significantly positive effect of the neighbourhood on bilateral trade flows. Predictors related to the quality of institutions also have a significant positive effect on increasing bilateral trade cooperation between Serbia and the V4 Group.
12

POSSIBILITIES OF INTERPRETING THE 9TH CENTURY HORIZON IN THE NORTHERNMOST PERIPHERY OF TRANSDANUBIA

75%
Merva S.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2023
|
vol. 71
|
issue suppl. 3
125 – 141
EN
Present paper discusses the various interpretations of the 9th c. material culture on the northernmost periphery of Transdanubia, Northwestern Hungary. Highlighting the archaeologically observable elements of the 9th c. cultures via the latest results of settlement archaeology in the researched region, the article presents finds and their wider context from the sites at two early medieval centres: Visegrád (Danube Bend) and Győr (by the confluence of the River Danube and the River Rába). During the train of thought, some relevant data is provided on trade, technology, and knowledge transfer between the Northern Transdanubian area and its northern neighbouring regions, data on gastronomy, archaeo-zoological data, various economic strategies and settlement structures in relation with the Western Slavic territories. The article is an attempt at a sophisticated answer to the research issue, whether the region along the river Danube had been a peripheral border region, no man’s land or contact zone with vivid interregional connections.
13

Otsinyuvannya efektyvnosti systemy lohistyky pidpryyemstva torhivli

75%
Mishchuk I. P.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2012
|
vol. 4 (58)
102-110
EN
The essence and directions of logistic activity in trade is specifiedin the article. The methodical ways of trade enterprise logistic activity efficiency essence determination and its measuring are analyzed. The necessity of logistic system efficiency evaluation with the use of adapted to the logistic activity specific trade indexes is grounded. The methodical ways of trade enterprises logistic activity efficiency measuring and management by system of indicators is offered.
14
Content available remote

ROLA ROŚLIN STRĄCZKOWYCH W ROLNICTWIE POLSKIM

75%
Kapusta F.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2017
|
issue 1(87)
68-78
EN
The aim of the study was to present: a) the distribution, properties and role of legumes in agriculture, b) changes in crop area, harvest and yields of leguminous plants in the years 1949-2013, c) self-sufficiency of legume seeds in the years 2001/02-2013/14. Development is based on research literature of the topic both compact and continuous and statistical materials of GUS using the comparative method in the form of vertical and balance sheet and statistics. Despite many advantages of legumes they are grown in small quantities, although the first years of the second decade of the twenty-first century are characterized by the growth of their crops. One reason for the small amount of cultivation of legumes are low yields and little progress in changing them. It was found changing trends in the cultivation, harvesting and crop of legumes. In the years 1950-1955 and 2006-2010 yields of edible seeds of legumes increased from 9.9 dt / ha to 19.7 dt/ha, i.e. by 98.0%, while the fodder from 9.2 to 20.8 dt/ ha, i.e. by 126.1%. Pulses are the subject of trade with foreign countries, and despite the low turnover Poland has a negative trage balance.
15
Content available remote

TRADE AND CIVILIZATION IN THE HISTORY AND THE EVOLUTION OF CIVILIZATIONS (PROLOGOMENA)

75%
Vorel P.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
|
2011
|
vol. 109
|
issue 2
193-217
EN
Trade relations played always a substantial role in the historical development. Often, these were present in the background of major war conflicts and social unrests. This paper traces the mechanism of mutual civilization influencing of various cultures that possess different hierarchies of value, however, at the period researched, these came to a comparable level of social and technical development. Bilaterally advantageous trade relations acted as a form of transmission of civilization models into other cultures.
16

INTERNATIONALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE NEW MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

75%
Lejko I., Bojnec Š.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 4
335 – 348
EN
The paper analyses the internationalization of the economies in ten new member states (NMS-10) of the European Union (EU) using panel data for the period 2000 – 2008 in a regression framework analysis. The degree of internationalization is measured by foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness. The focus is on the association between FDI and economic growth. We have confirmed moderate positive effect of inward FDI on growth of gross domestic product (GDP), but not for outward FDI and trade openness. Investment to GDP ratio and employment growth are positively associated with economic growth, and vice versa rate of inflation and government final consumption expenditure as a percentage of GDP.
17

A LOST CONTINET: THE POLITICAL COMMUNITIES OF ANCIENT THRACE

75%
Archibald Z. H.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
|
2010
|
vol. 46
|
issue 1-2
163-168
EN
The tiny community of Drys in the Samothracian peraia on the mainland of the north-east Aegean provides a case study for examining the relationship between this entity and its neighbours, both within the network of Samothracian outposts, and beyond into the interior of Thrace. The survival of an honorary inscription from Zone, mentioning the community of the Dryitai, allows a broader understanding of the relationship between Drys as a documented and constituted political entity and its relevance as a model for how Thracian settlements of the interior may be reconsidered in the light of recent field study and historical research.
18

ÚLOHA NEMECKA V DREVÁRSKOM PRIEMYSLE SLOVENSKA 1939 – 1945: INŠTITUCIONÁLNY VÝVOJ A OBCHOD S DREVOM

75%
Hallon Ľ., Mičko P., Sabol M.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2019
|
vol. 67
|
issue 2
289 - 310
EN
The forestry and timber industry had strategic importance in Slovak – German economic relations in the period 1939–1945. Supplies of unprocessed logs had an important role, but also the products of the Slovak timber processing industry. Slovak–German relations developed in the sphere of the timber and timber processing trade. About 70 – 80 % of all Slovak exports of timber and timber products went to the territory of the German Reich, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. However, in spite of German pressure, the Slovak national economists succeeded in gradually reducing timber exports to Germany and organizing exports to other countries at more advantageous prices.
19

SLOVENSKÁ BANKA V ROKOCH 1930 – 1938. ČAS TVRDÝCH SKÚŠOK A SKLAMANÍ

63%
Chudjak F.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue 2
263-289
EN
The paper analyses the business activity of the Slovak Bank in Bratislava in the period 1930-1938, a period in which it experienced a harsh test and screening of its business. The economic crisis of 1929-1933, which most afflicted the Slovak national banks, the Tatra Bank and Slovak Bank, interrupted the recovery process of the period 1925-1929. The losses of the Slovak Bank resulted especially from its participation in the management and financing of industrial and commercial companies. The Slovak bank rejected state assistance, mainly because of the excessively strict conditions. The bank undertook recovery from its own resources, which reduced them to little more than a third of their previous level. It more or less successfully manoeuvred in relation to the government and political circles during this period, and strove to maintain its independence. The top management of the Slovak Bank refused to merge with the Tatra Bank of Martin. In spite of shocks and losses, the Slovak Bank succeeded in stabilizing its position in the capital market at the end of the 1930s
20

EXPORTING OF COPPER FROM EASTERN SLOVAKIA TO WESTERN EUROPE IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 14 TH CENTURY

63%
Štefánik M.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 5
785 - 814
EN
Exporting of copper from eastern Slovakia through Poland and the Hanseatic ports on the Baltic coast to Flanders is documented from the 1320s and 1330s at a time when convoys of galleys operated between Venice and Flanders. As a result of its transit through Poland, it was called “Polish copper” (Rame de Pollana). It represented one of the important types of copper on the market at Bruges, from where it was transported in the form of rectangular plates to Venice. According to documents preserved in Venice from the papers of the copper merchant N. Paolini, he sold 108 hundredweight (centnars) (= c. 5.15 tonnes) of Rame de Pollana in 1324. In the Venetian foundries, it is mentioned in 1334 as one of the five basic types imported to the city. These records show that this trade was profitable in spite of the long voyage around Europe.
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.