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1

TRENDS ON THE GLOBAL FUEL MARKET

100%
Guzek M.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2005
|
issue 4(11)
88-108
EN
The author distinguishes three stages in development of global economy according to the criterion of access of the high developed countries to energy resources. He claims that in the first stage the impact of this factor on the development of global economy was very favourable as the countries' industrialization was based on their own rich resources. The second stage witnessed a considerable dependence of high developed countries on foreign resources which did not cause any difficulties in the development of motorization and energy sectors. The third stage, however, which was initiated by the energy crisis of the 70s of the 20th century, a significant increase in dependence of USA, EU and Japan on the imports of oil and gas was accompanied by a more difficult access to these resources. The future prospects look even worse. This is due to the unprecedented in the history of global economy the alternative market for oil and gas producers in China, India and other developing countries. The developed countries' own resources of oil and gas run low and their new sources are far from being rich. The author concludes by presenting two major ways of counteracting energy threats: the introduction of new international trade policy towards oil producers, especially the Arabic countries and acceleration in the search of alternative sources of energy.
2

LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE POLICY AFFECTING IMPORT IN LATIN AMERICA (Liberalizacja importowej polityki handlowej w Ameryce Lacinskie)j

100%
Kruszka M.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2010
|
issue 1(45)
19-37
EN
This paper analyses the relationship between liberalization of trade policy and dynamic of real merchandise import of Latin America countries, utilizing models based on panel data. Gross Domestic Product and relative prices are found to be significant determinants of import demand function. The results also show that the reduction of import duties and elimination of other trade distortions have a strong, positive impact on real import growth.
3

INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN RELATION TO AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION AFTER THE FOUNDING OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA: A CASE OF SUPPORT FOR AN EMERGING SECTOR

100%
Krpec O., Hodulák V.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 1
81 – 104
EN
The economy of Czechoslovakia (CS) was traditionally strongly specialized in production and export of light consumer goods. Nevertheless, heavy industry was promoted by strongly protectionist trade policies in 1920s. As our empirical study shows, the CS automobile industry never become internationally competitive and heavy protectionist measures were a necessary condition for its existence. However, behind the protective wall the industry was able to develop production capacities, substitute imports of components, and even export to some extent to less demanding markets in Europe. The paper is therefore a contribution to the economic history research of development of such “strategic” industry in clear contradiction with comparative advantage and implications of economic theory. It is another example of rejection of international division of labour which contributed (in long-term) to fundamental restructuring of national industrial structure.
4
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Stosunki handlowe Unii Europejskiej i Polski z krajami AKP w obszarze rynków produktów rolno-żywnościowych w latach 2000-2009

88%
Kita K.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
|
2012
|
issue 1(23)
49-60
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine key trends in the European Union’s trade policy towards the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states (ACP), as well as to identify main changes in the commodity structure of the European (and Polish) agri-food trade. The results showed that for the ACP countries, the European market is perceived as a source of food industry while the EU (including Poland) imports from ACP region coffee, tea and cocoa. This confirms a certain specialization of production and trade in ACP countries. Both, the European Union and Poland, are net importers of agri- food products from the ACP region.
5

EFFECTS OF TRADE POLICY ON TRADE AMONG THE EU AND BRICS COUNTRIES

75%
Vahalík B., Fojtíková L.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 9
918 – 938
EN
The aim of this paper is to estimate whether the liberalization process benefited a mutual trade between the EU and BRICS Members over the last two decades, and whether protectionism, which is currently on the rise, still represents a significant toll to trade. Our results proved that the multilateral trade liberalization process, represented by the WTO, is no longer benefiting trade among observed economies. It clearly confirms the long-standing stalemate in the WTO. We have also found that the observed FTA between the EU and South Africa created trade strongly, but unevenly. Finally, we found that the level of tariffs no longer represents a significant barrier to trade among observed countries.
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