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Uchovávání rituálu v současných spoleenských kontextech: Căluş – mezi rituálem a národním symbolem

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Giurchescu A.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2010
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vol. 20
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issue 4
244-259
EN
Ritual Calus is a still living ritual practice at Pentecost (Whitsuntide) in the southern regions of Romania. Considered at a synchronic level, it reveals a great variety of structures and meanings that represent different stages of transformation. This article is based primarily on the long-time fieldwork experience and information resulting from the dialogues with tradition bearers, the direct observation and the analysis and interpretation of visual and written documents. The intention is to present the ritual calus in its contemporary existence and try to disclose the reasons of its survival. Subsequently the intention is to comment the role given to calus as a national symbol and the manipulation therewith for legitimating the political power under the Communist dictatorship. Finally, the future existence of the ritual calus will be questioned in the light of the UNESCO program for the safeguarding of the cultural heritage. In an introductory section, however, calus will be situated in a large European cultural context and described in more general terms in order to illuminate the complex structure of the ritual and the intricate relationship established among and between the component elements.
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Kultura jako kult i jako trans. O religijnych kontekstach metaforycznego języka współczesnej refleksji o kulturze

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Topp I.
Prace Kulturoznawcze
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2011
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vol. 12
45-58
EN
The humanities and their transformations can be described by pointing to the metaphors used in them. The article is devoted to an analysis of two metaphors, characteristic of the Polish reflection on culture today. The first metaphor refers to Cicero’s well-known definition and the Latin etymology of the word colere. The metaphor culture as cult links culture to cultivation and care, but also to cult in the religious sense. Provided the Enlightenment-derived, normative model of development and progress is rejected, the culture as cult metaphor indicates the specific character of studying culture from the perspective of cultural studies as a lifestyle or way of living in accordance with values. In this perspective, cultivation, veneration, respect and care are examples of the process of experiencing values, the process which in its nature is dynamic and transformative. The second metaphor, culture as trance, emphasises the fluidity and openness of culture, the need to go beyond the boundaries set by the existing patterns of learning and studying culture and also by the nomadic nature of cultural studies. Pointing out the transgressive nature of culture and human beings, the culture as trance metaphor is also close to the perception of trance in religious studies, which links it to shamanism and ecstasy. Reflections on culture could benefit greatly from an analysis of religious contexts of both metaphors used in it.
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