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EN
The article presents the results of an analysis of migration traditions of the population of the Radgoszcz commune at the start of the 20th century and in the period following Poland's accession to the European Union within the concept of trans-nationality. The analysis has been conducted by the article's author with the purpose of establishing whether trans-national migrations, which are characterised by a large number of departures and returns, are actually a new social phenomenon. The author has chosen as the field for his exploration the Radgoszcz commune which forms a part of the Dabrowski district in the region of Malopolska. At present the Dabrowski district is an area characterised by a high index of international mobility (chiefly in the direction of Austria and Germany). At the start of the 20th century this district constituted the migration centre of Galicia. It should be noted, however, that a high proportion of migrants tended to return to their local communities and to repeat many times the same migration strategies. One of the proofs of strong migration traditions is the existence of two Polish community clubs in the United States, which group migrants (or the descendants of migrants) from the Radgoszcz commune. Basing on the results of field research, which covered, among other things, the examination of archival materials and the evaluation of their content, as well as a questionnaire, the author has analysed the region's migration traditions and their influence on the present international mobility of the inhabitants of the Radgoszcz commune.
PL
W niniejszym tekście zaprezentowano wybrane problemy dotyczące dzieci imigrantów. Podstawę stanowiły badania prowadzone wśród dzieci polskich imigrantów w Norwegii. Objęto nimi rodziny pochodzące z jednego regionu, a mianowicie z województwa opolskiego. Miały one na celu ukazanie procesu przystosowania się dzieci do nowego środowiska szkolnego. Ważnym problemem było przygotowanie się do wyjazdu dzieci i ich rodzin, łącznie z nauką języka, rozpoznaniem specyfiki kraju migracji, istotny był również początkowy okres pobytu w kraju przyjmującym. Pokazano, jak na proces adaptacji dzieci w nowej rzeczywistości miały wpływ sposoby odnoszenia się do nich rówieśników i innych reprezentantów nowego kraju, a także jak badane dzieci oceniały relacje z rówieśnikami z kraju przyjmującego, własne zaangażowanie i pozycję w grupie rówieśniczej i jaki był ich stosunek do Polaków i do Norwegów. Określano cechy i postawy mające znaczenie w stawaniu się imigrantem. Badania pokazały, że emigracja stworzyła wiele możliwości rozwoju, z których młodzi polscy migranci skorzystali lub nie. Dla badanych dzieci ich wydajność edukacyjna miała znaczenie w integracji. W dużej mierze badane osoby nie były skłonne do opuszczenia wcześniej szkoły. Starały się kształcić na kolejnych szczeblach podobnie jak ich norwescy rówieśnicy. Część z nich wykorzystała różnice między edukacją norweską a polską do rozwoju własnych umiejętności i talentów.
EN
The paper presents selected problems concerning the children of immigrants and relays on studies conducted among children of Polish emigrants residing in Norway. The studies covered families who came from one region of Poland, namely the Opolskie Voivodship. Their aim was to show the process of the children’s adaptation to the new school environment. The preparation of the children and the families for leaving their homes, including learning a foreign language, getting to know the specific nature of the country of destination, as well as the beginnings of their stay in the host country proved the most serious problems. It is shown how the process of the children’s adaptation to the new reality was influenced by the attitudes assumed towards them by their peers and other inhabitants at the destination. The article also examines how the children assessed their relations, their own involvement and positions held in the peer groups in the host country, including their own approaches towards Poles and Norwegians. Features and attitudes which mattered the most while turning into an immigrant are also determined. The studies have also revealed that emigration created a number of possibilities for development, which the young Polish emigrants have or have not made good use of. Some of them have managed to take advantage of the differences between the educational systems in Norway and Poland to develop their skills and talents. Emigration has also allowed the young people to see the world from another perspective, creating an opportunity to learn about otherness and to experience it in a direct way.
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