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EN
Globalization increased the number of transnational families all over the world. The way of life created by transnationalism leads to changes in family relationships, creates a specific dynamics, implies care at distance and produces various forms of parenting. Starting from the analysis of transnational families between Angola and Portugal, the aim of this paper is to understand the effects of migration on parent-child relationship trying to perceive how parenting at a distance is conceived by the actors: migrant parents in Portugal and children in Angola. Drawing on interviews made with migrant parents and children, the paper explores the functioning of the parental relationship at distance.
EN
Migration and care are normative in terms of the social expectations, obligations and common-sense which they involve. Intergenerational care in Poland is recurrently characterized as being highly binding in terms of filial responsibilities in home-based care arrangements. The on-going high rates of emigration therefore ought to challenge intergenerational care arrangements. The majority of research proves, however, that migration does not dissolve migrants’ care obligations toward their relatives in the emigration countries, but that they persist with some modifications and adaptations to its distant character. Previous studies therefore connect migrants’, and to a lesser extent their relatives’ in the emigration countries, care practices to the normativity of the distinct “care culture’’ in Poland. This article explores the idea that practices and obligations of intergenerational care are inherently tied to the social expectations and meanings attached to migration. Twenty interviews with Polish migrants in Germany and ten interviews with their relatives in Poland reveal how the binding character of familial care arrangements and high rates of emigration can co-occur in that transnational personal relations, between migrants and their non-migrant relatives, support the familial and home-based care arrangements by relational adaptations. The adaptations involve (self-)exclusions from (among others) mobility based on the intersection of previous migration experiences, the closeness of the family relationship as well as generation and gender, placing close, female and immobile family members (i.e. daughters) in a de-privileged position in transnational relations.
EN
The paper is dedicated to immigration and transnational families in Spain. The author presents legislative aspects, discusses social phenomena and analyzes crucial INE data which hinge on the intersection of immigration and family issues. The data include: 1/the number of marriages which are referred to as matrimonios mixtos, i.e. the ones which are contracted between a Spaniard and the other spouse being a foreigner, 2/the number of marriages contracted in Spain between foreigners and 3/their share in the total number of nuptials. Legislative aspects relate to the formal conditions which need to be fulfilled by foreigners in order to enter into wedlock and the requirements concerning documentation on the part of a Spanish citizen and a foreigner. What is important, the Spanish law allows a marriage to be contracted between a Spanish citizen and a foreigner regardless of the status of the latter. That is to say, the future spouse may be in a so-called irregular situation which grants the right for undocumented immigrants to get married in Spain and eventually obtain a residence permit.
PL
W konsekwencji obserwowanych procesów starzenia się społeczeństwa i wzmożonej mobilności przestrzennej następują przemiany relacji rodzinnych dotyczących opieki nad osobami starszymi. W rodzinach transnarodowych przestrzenny dystans zmusza członków rodzin do wypracowywania nowych, często skomplikowanych strategii działania. Złożoność problematyki związanej z opiekuńczością sprawia, że analiza funkcjonujących wzorców wymaga szczególnego podejścia badawczego. W artykule prezentujemy propozycję metody badawczej: wielostanowiskowe, transnarodowe badanie wykorzystujące mieszane techniki – analizy monograficzne, sondaż oraz wywiady pogłębione realizowane zarówno z osobami starszymi mieszkającymi w Polsce, jak i z członkami ich rodzin przebywającymi zagranicą. Zaprezentowane przykładowe wyniki przeprowadzonych badań ukazują użyteczność podejścia, które umożliwia ujawnienie i zbadanie złożonych relacji związanych z przepływami opieki.
EN
Ageing and intensive transborder mobility transforms family relations concerning elderly care. As a result of spatial distance, members of transnational families work out new, complex strategies. Complicated care arrangements require a special research approach which is the subject of this article. The research method the authors propose is a multisited, transnational study that combines mixed techniques: monographic analyses, a survey, and in-depth interviews, carried out both with the elderly people living in Poland and with their migrant relatives residing abroad. Selected results of the study reveal complex relations related to the flows of care and demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed research approach.
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