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EN
The article presents the activity of the Sisters of St Catherine, Virgin and Marty in Pieniężno (Mehlsack) in the years 1856–1876 and 1889–1945. In 1856 three sisters of St Catherine in Braniewo took up educational activity at the Catholic elementary school for girls in Pieniężno (Mehlsack). On 9 September, 1856 a contract of employment was signed between the Town Council of Pieniężno and the Order of St Catherine in Braniewo represented by Mother Apolonia Stuhrmann, Superior General. The Presbyter Marquard of Frombork participated in the event. In 1870 the sisters were additionally entrusted with teaching younger classes at a school attended by boys and girls. The number of sisters increased to five then. On 13 May, 1876, at the time of the Kulturkamph, the sisters were removed from the Pieniężno schools. Secular staff were appointed to fill their positions. Then the sisters returned to their convent in Braniewo. After 13 years, on 7 January, 1889 the sisters of St Catherine returned to Pieniężno to take up the job of nursing at St George’s Hospital. Soon the number of halls and the space for patients proved to be insufficient. A plot adjacent to the hospital was purchased and within the years 1912–1913 a larger, modern 50-bed hospital was built with collected money. It was fitted with the most modern equipment. There was also a chapel. In 1929 a twenty-bed paedriatric department for sick children and infants was opened in the hospital. The hospital was the property of the Catholic parish. It was subordinate to the department of education under the management of consecutive deans. Medical service was fulfilled by one of the physicians who practised in the town; nursing was done by the sisters of the Order of St Catherine. In 1930 six sisters worked there. During World War II (1939) a part of the hospital functioned as field hospital. Because of enormous amount of work the number of sisters increased to ten. On 11 February 1945 when the war front reached Orneta and military operations were nearing Pieniężno the last wounded patients were sent to field hospitals in the north of the country. The sisters had to leave the hospital too. On the night of 12/13 February they left Pieniężno.
EN
The broadcasting station dealt with a variety of topics concerning the war and occupation. One of them was the resistance movement in Yugoslavia during the Second World War. The broadcasting station’s announcements touched upon many problems, among other things, they mentioned the towns that had been liberated by the guerillas from the occupation by the Axis states. They also discussed the topic of sabotage in the railway system and the industry which worked for the military purposes of the Third Reich. The losses suffered by the enemy (in weapons, munitions, soldiers, etc.) were often announced. It was sometimes directly emphasized that behind those actions there were communists, in contrast to other guerilla groups (the Chetniks), who apparently decided to cooperate with the Fascists. The aim of those messages was to spread among the Polish society the attitudes that would result in the development of a resistance movement on a massive scale. This was mainly the duty of the young generation. Apart from strictly military questions, it is easy to notice that the station was not indifferent towards the political events which were taking place in Yugoslavia during the Second World War. Also this time the party uniting various circles and social groups – according to the authors of the radio programmes – was the revolutionary left wing. It had a programme which would be realized after the end of the warfare. The aim of broadcasting those messages was the willingness to mobilise the Poles, who were expected to unite, to fight for freedom and independence together. The leading role in this process was to be left to the communists.
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EN
At the time of the agreement with the German Third Reich on Soviet aggression on Poland on September 17, 1939, the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland in Moscow was given a diplomatic note declaring that in the face of the "break-up of the Polish state" the USSR "is defending the Belarusian and Ukrainian population" in eastern Poland. This deceptive version was "bought" by the Allies of Poland in the West who pretended that Moscow was not a co-hostile against allied Poland. They explained that they didn’t want to deepen but to overthrow the German-Soviet alliance. The highest authorities of the Republic of Poland were charged that they were not consistent and did not declare a state of war between Poland and the USSR from September 17, 1939. This was a game of slander and the author documented the will of the parties to bring such charges. In the period of the Polish People's Republic, the myth of the so-justified Soviet intervention in 1939 was promulgated. Also, today, this issue for many politicians, historians and journalists remains not entirely clear. This text is an analysis of the formation of the basis of this myth, showing its political ground for various propaganda and proclamation of Western states, and ambiguous attitudes of Polish politicians, especially focused on the very naive and politically dependent General Sikorski, the chief of war and prime minister, with greater responsibility - than the ruling party of the Second Polish Republic - for establishing false opinions about Polish-Soviet relations in September 1939.
EN
The paper presents a comparative study of Polish and German literature concerning the Second Word War. Christa Wolf’s Patterns of Childhood and Tadeusz Borowski’s Music in Herzenburg were analysed. The author chose the typological model of comparative literature. The article highlights the differences in war experiences present in Polish and German memories. A lot of attention is given to the topoi of the offenders and victims, which have changed over the last few decades. The plots of both texts are briefly outlined. The issue in question was discussed by Wolf and Borowski in difficult political conditions. Both writers attempted at confronting themselves and their generations with the Nazi era and raising the issue of Polish and German collective memory. In some way, Borowski and Wolf were precursors of the discussion of the attitudes towards the responsibility for the War crimes. Christa Wolf does not lie about the times of National Socialism and does not remain silent about the responsibility of the so-called Mitläufer. She also aims at fighting the myth of “good” East Germans and “bad” West Germans. Borowski, in turn, tries to improve German-Polish relations undermined by the difficult experiences of the 20th century.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba komparatystycznego przedstawienia rozliczeń z II wojną światową w literaturze niemieckiej i polskiej. Autorka wybrała w tym celu dwa teksty: Wzorce dzieciństwa Christy Wolf i Muzyka w Herzenburgu Tadeusza Borowskiego. W badaniach wykorzystano typologiczny model komparatystyki literackiej. W opracowaniu został nakreślony problem asymetrii doświadczeń związanych z wydarzeniami II wojny światowej, które obecne są w świadomości zarówno Polaków, jak i Niemców. Szeroko został również omówiony status ofiary i sprawcy, który zmieniał się na przestrzeni lat. Następnie autorka dokonała analizy utworów literackich. Przedstawiając problematykę tekstów, skupiono się na ukazaniu toposu ofiar i sprawców w tych dziełach. O ważności powieści Christy Wolf i opowiadania Tadeusza Borowskiego decyduje fakt, że podejmowały tematykę wojenną w niesprzyjających warunkach politycznych. Uwzględniono również, w jaki sposób omawiane utwory wpisują się w szerszy nurt dotyczący dyskursu pamięci o II wojnie światowej oraz rozliczenia z nią. Refleksje mogą być bodźcem do kolejnych ciekawych rozważań na temat innowacyjności w podejściu zarówno polskich, jak i niemieckich pisarzy próbujących na nowo zmierzyć się z trudną historią czasów wojennych.
PL
W artykule przypomniano sylwetkę Profesor Haliny Szwarc (1923–2002) – twórczyni uniwersytetu trzeciego wieku w Polsce. W tekście przedstawiono liczne szczegóły z jej biografii. Zademonstrowano jej heroiczną działalność konspiracyjną, której podjęła się już w 1939 roku, w wieku zaledwie 16 lat. Przedstawiono życie Profesor Szwarc w okresie powojennym, koncentrując się przede wszystkim na zobrazowaniu rozwoju jej kariery naukowej i zawodowej, ale nie pomijając wątków osobistych. Dużo uwagi poświęcono ukazaniu wysiłków Profesor Szwarc włożonych przez nią w powołanie do życia Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku w Warszawie, któremu nadała bogate cele i zadania oraz formy działalności. Artykuł kończy się apelem do współczesnych przedstawicieli świata nauki o trwałą pamięć i uznanie dla Profesor Szwarc oraz stawianie jej za wzór.
EN
The article reminds a profile of Professor Halina Szwarc (1923–2002), who is one of the most outstanding Polish andragogists, being a creator of the concept of a university of the third age in Poland, whose realisation was the third educational facility of this type in the world. The text makes references to her origins and childhood. Her heroic conspiracy activity which she started in 1939, being only 16, is presented. Her life in the post-war period is presented, focusing above all on her scientific and professional career, but not omitting personal threads. Much attention is given to her efforts made in founding the University of the Third Age in Warsaw, to which she gave broad goals and tasks, as well as forms of activity. The article is ended with an appeal to the contemporary figures of the world of science for a permanent remembrance and recognition for Professor Szwarc and following her example.
EN
This article concerns the biography and trial of Albert Johann Goldgruber, commander of the gendarmerie for the districts of Biała Podlaska, Radzyń and Puławy. This Austrian gendarme was transferred in November 1939 from his post in Austria to Radzyń Podlaski, where he became a gendarmerie commander in the rank of captain for the three mentioned districts. The paper discusses his competences in this position, as well as his criminal activities within the German terror apparatus, including participation in pacification of villages, sentencing to death one of the inhabitants of Podlasie as head of the Summary Special Court. The question of the trial against him and his sentencing to 8 years in prison by the District Court in Siedlce in 1948 was also discussed.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy biografii oraz procesu sądowego komendanta żandarmerii na powiaty Biała Podlaska, Radzyń i Puławy Alberta Johanna Goldgrubera. Ten austriacki żandarm w listopadzie 1939 r. został przeniesiony z posady w Austrii do Radzynia Podlaskiego, gdzie został komendantem żandarmerii w stopniu kapitana na trzy wspomniane powiaty. W pracy omówiono jego kompetencje na tym stanowisku, a także jego zbrodniczą działalność w ramach niemieckiego aparatu terroru, w tym udział w pacyfikacji wsi, skazanie na śmierć jednego z mieszkańców Podlasia jako szefa Doraźnego Sądu Specjalnego. Omówiono także kwestię toczącego się przeciwko niemu procesu oraz skazania go na karę 8 lat więzienia przez Sąd Okręgowy w Siedlcach w 1948 roku.
EN
Even at the beginning of the Second World War it had to be clear for the German military and economic leaders that it would not be possible to fight or even win a long-lasting war without foreign workers. In the Second World War not only POWs but also civilians and prisoners of concentration camps were forced to work as slaves to continue Hitler’s war. In Salzburg, there were no big camps with thousands of slave workers, as existed in other regions of Germany. Mainly the slave workers, who were forced to work for the big power plant projects (“Tauernkraftwerke Kaprun-Glockner”, “Kraftwerk Weißsee”), lived in such circumstances. The first Polish POWs arrived in the Province of Salzburg in autumn of 1939 only a few weeks after the German invasion of Poland. Most of them were not detained in camps. They lived on farms, and their living conditions were better than those for the inmates of camps. Like in the First World War, prisoners of war had to work on farms to replace those men who served in the German Wehrmacht or other military formations. As mentioned, no big industrial plants for the arms sector existed in the “Reichsgau Salzburg”. Foreign forced labourers, POWs and civil workers were deployed to relatively little factories or handicraft businesses. In many cases the situation for this group of slave workers was similar to those, who worked on farms. Already in autumn 1941, the works at the construction sites of the “Reichsautobahn” (highway) around the city of Salzburg had to be cancelled. At least from spring 1943 almost all building projects, which had no direct context to the “Totalen Krieg”, had to be stopped. The foreign labourers of all kind were transferred to projects essential to the war efforts. Especially buildings for the air raid protection hat to became priority. The living and working conditions for the foreign forced workers, POWs and civil labourers, were very inhomogeneous in the national socialist “Third Reich”. So it was in the “Reichsgau Salzburg” during the Second World War. It could have been horrible and deadly, but also almost acceptable according to the regulations of international law. One point has to be emphasized here, that all of these slave workers, deported against their will from their homelands, were forced to work in the enemy’s land to prolong a criminal war.
PL
W okresie II wojny światowej nie tylko jeńcy wojenni, ale także cywile oraz więźniowie obozów kon-centracyjnych byli zmuszani do pracy jako niewolnicy niezbędni do funkcjonowania machiny wojennej Hitle-ra. W Salzburgu nie było wielkich obozów pracy niewolniczej, jakie funkcjonowały w innych regionach Nie-miec, ale w obozach żyli robotnicy przymusowi pracujący przy budowie wielkich elektrowni wodnych w okolicach Kaprun i Uttendorf. Pierwsi polscy jeńcy wojenni przybyli do prowincji Salzburg jesienią 1939 roku kilka tygodni po niemieckiej inwazji na Polskę. Większość z nich nie trafiła do obozów. Żyli na farmach, a ich warunki życia były lepsze niż w przypadku więźniów obozów. Analogicznie jak w czasie I wojny światowej jeńcy wojenni musieli pracować na farmach, by zająć miejsce mężczyzn, którzy służyli w Wehrmachcie i pozo-stałych formacjach militarnych. W „Reichsgau Salzburg” nie było wielkich zakładów przemysłu zbrojeniowe-go. Zagraniczni przymusowi robotnicy byli rozdzielani pomiędzy relatywnie niewielkie przedsiębiorstwa oraz zakłady rzemieślnicze. W wielu przypadkach ich sytuacja była podobna do sytuacji tych, którzy pracowali na farmach. Warunki życia i pracy zagranicznych robotników przymusowych były w Trzeciej Rzeszy niejedno-rodne. Tak też było w Regionie Salzburga. Warunki te mogły być straszne i prowadzące do śmierci, ale mogły być również niemalże zgodne z regulacjami prawa międzynarodowego. Należy jednak podkreślić, że wszyscy ci przymusowi robotnicy, deportowani wbrew własnej woli z ich ojczyzn, byli zmuszani do pracy w kraju wroga na rzecz prowadzonej przez niego zbrodniczej wojny.
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EN
“War is a body but overturned” Looking for identity in the post-war world exemplified by La Guerre trouvée written by Jean-Pierre Faye and Hermes, dog and star written by Zbigniew Herbert
PL
Artykuł prezentuje możliwość wykorzystania modeli terenu pochodzących z danych LiDAR do odtworzenia elementów historycznych fortyfikacji polowych. Podczas badań odtworzono przebieg linii okopów pochodzących z II wojny światowej na obszarze Pasma Jałowieckiego i Grupy Mędralowej. W celu weryfikacji dokładności danych pozyskanych z LiDAR i identyfikacji form punktowych oprócz interpretacji modelu przeprowadzono kartowanie terenowe z użyciem GPS. Zaprezentowana w artykule metoda badań pozwala na zidentyfikowanie linii okopów rozmieszczonych na rozległym, często trudno dostępnym obszarze, przez co wskazana jest do stosowania podczas prowadzonych badań na obszarze Karpat.
EN
LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data are very useful in geographical, historical and archeological studies. It is because of large ALS point cloud precision, which makes possibility of studying small forms in relief, such as unmetalled roads, historical agricultural systems, archaeological sites or old field fortifications, like trench lines. The aim of this article is test on the usability of LiDAR data in research of trench lines built during Second World War in Poland, in Beskidy Mountains. The study area chosen to this text was located in Jałowiec Range and Mędralowa Mountain Group in south-west of Małopolskie voivodeship, south of Poland (Fig. 1). Jałowiec Range and Mędralowa Mountain Group is a continuation to the north of the Massif Babia Góra (Beskid Żywiecki, Carpathians). The fortifications were been built in this area before and during the Second World War. The first objects were built by Polish Army in 1939 and second time there was built two large fortification lines 1944, by polish people forced to do it by german soldiers. The most objects in studied area were made on the slopes of Malikowski Groń. Objects founded in 1944 were preserved in good condition up to the present day (Tab. 1). The few objects have been transformed by the geomorphological processes and by overgrown trees and shrubs on them. These objects have survived to this day, because they were not damaged during hostilities. The research was performed on a piece of trench line on Malikowski Groń (760 ma.s.l.) about 12,2 km long (Fig. 3, Fig. 6), Lachów Groń (708 m a.s.l.) about 1,6 km long (Fig. 3) and Mędralowa Mountain Group (1169 m a.s.l) about 2,3 km long (Fig. 4). During the field test the plan of trench lines (Fig. 3C, 5B) was performed by using GPS mapping and by measurement of the size and depth of the trenches. Second plan (Fig. 3B, 5A) is the result of LiDAR data analyses and vectorization. After then the obtained results were compared in research analysis. The trench lines and objects are quite good visible in LiDAR data, but it is impossible to do the classification of point objects made in field observation (Tab. 1, 2, 3). However, as a general comment, it is the possibility to signing the object classes in neighbor areas by way of analogy to field testing research.
EN
In the first years of post-war Poland (1944–1950) the ruling communist fraction represented by the PPR/PZPR (Polish Workers’ Party / Polish United Workers’ Party) did not explicitly reveal its political vision but referred to selected state institutions of pre-war Poland. Therefore, in the local administration a complex administrative system was created, named an administrative trialism (the three-part system). Its first component was the national councils, as the structures of state authority and administrative supervision. The second were the general and special government administration organs. The third component was the local government with national councils as resolution-providing organs. It should be emphasized that the administrative trialism proved to be one of the most effective tools for building in 1944 the structures of the communist state, an example of which is the Lublin Province from 1944 to 1950.
PL
W pierwszych latach Polski powojennej (1944–1950) rządzący obóz komunistyczny reprezentowany przez PPR/PZPR nie ujawniał wprost swojej wizji ustrojowej, lecz odwoływał się do wybranych instytucji państwowych Polski przedwrześniowej. Dlatego też w administracji lokalnej wytworzył się złożony system administracyjny, określany trializmem administracyjnym (systemem trójczłonowym). Jego pierwszym członem były rady narodowe, jako struktury władzy państwowej i nadzoru administracyjnego, drugim – organy administracji rządowej: ogólnej i specjalnej, a trzecim – samorząd terytorialny z radami narodowymi jako organami uchwałodawczymi. Należy podkreślić, iż trializm administracyjny okazał się jednym z bardziej skutecznych narzędzi budowania w Polsce po 1944 r. struktur państwa komunistycznego, czego przykładem jest województwo lubelskie z lat 1944–1950.
EN
In the years 1945–1947 the 14th Court-Martial of the Command of the 2nd Polish Corps and the 12th Court-Martial of the Polish Resettlement Corps conducted an investigation into the case of an officer of the Home Army and the National Armed Forces, the „silent unseen” Leonard Zub-Zdanowicz, aka „Ząb”, „Dor”, „Szprung”. It was started as a result of a report by the Chairman of the Home Army Verification Commission, which was based on testimonies of Home Army soldiers from the Kielce District and Kedyw (Directorate of Diversion) officers from Warsaw. The accusations concerned, among others, desertion, collaboration with the Germans during World War II and working against the Home Army units. During the investigation several dozen witnesses were questioned, and Zub-Zdanowicz himself gave testimony as well. He was not proved to have committed the acts he was accused of. The proceedings did not end with the discontinuance of the case, nor did they end up in the courtroom. The files were submitted to the Archives of the Polish Armed Forces. Zub-Zdanowicz was verified in the rank of lieutenant, in the following years he was promoted to the rank of captain, and in 1957 General Władysław Anders appointed him major.
RU
В 1945–1947 годах 14-й военно-полевой суд командования 2 Польского корпуса и 12-й военно-полевой суд Польского корпуса приёма и распределения провели расследование по делу офицера AK и Национальных Вооруженных сил, „тихотёмного” Леонарда Зуб-Здановича (псевдонимы: „Зомб” [„Зуб” – прим. пер.], „Дор”, „Шпрунг”). Следствие было инициировано в результате доклада председателя Контрольной комиссии АК, основанного на показаниях солдат Армии Крайовой из округа Кельце и офицеров Кедив из Варшавы. В обвинении речь шла, в частности, о дезертирстве, сотрудничестве с немцами во время Второй мировой войны и боевых действиях в отношении отрядов АК. В ходе расследования было опрошено несколько десятков свидетелей. Показания давал также и Зуб-Зданович, который не был признан виновным в совершении предполагаемых действий. Следствие не закончилось ни прекращением дела, ни судебным заседанием. Документы по делу были переданы в Архив Польских Вооруженных сил. Зуб-Зданович был утвержден в звании поручика, а в последующие годы был повышен до звания ротмистра. В 1957 г. генерал Владислав Андерс присвоил ему звание майора.
PL
W latach 1945–1947 14 Sąd Polowy Dowództwa 2 Korpusu Polskiego i 12 Sąd Polowy Polskiego Korpusu Przysposobienia i Rozmieszczenia prowadziły dochodzenie w sprawie oficera AK i NSZ, cichociemnego Leonarda Zub-Zdanowicza ps. „Ząb” „Dor” „Szprung”. Wszczęte zostało na skutek doniesienia przewodniczącego Komisji Weryfikacyjnej AK, którego podstawą były zeznania żołnierzy AK z Okręgu Kieleckiego oraz oficerów Kedywu z Warszawy. Zarzuty dotyczyły m.in. dezercji, współpracy z Niemcami w okresie II wojny światowej oraz zwalczania oddziałów AK. W trakcie śledztwa przesłuchano kilkudziesięciu świadków, zeznania składał też Zub-Zdanowicz, któremu nie dowiedziono popełnienia zarzucanych mu czynów. Postępowanie nie zakończyło się umorzeniem sprawy ani też nie trafiło na salę sądową. Akta złożono do Archiwum Polskich Sił Zbrojnych. Zub-Zdanowicz został zweryfikowany w stopniu porucznika, w kolejnych latach awansował do stopnia rotmistrza, zaś w 1957 r. gen. Władysław Anders mianował go majorem.
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