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EN
Local communities in non- Western countries are often treated by international institutions as rather passive subjects, which need to be taught by experts and re-organized according to Western socioeconomic models (Hobart 1993). As a result of such an approach, many development agencies tend to overlook and omit the locals’ own forms of social activity and their ideas of self-organization. In this article I would like to focus on the bottomup process of change in contemporary Mongolia and the Mongolians’ own idiomatic ideas and practices of initiating and arranging development. I refer to research conducted in the Bulgan Sum (district), which is located on the southern slopes of the Altai. I have been conducting fieldwork among contemporary Torghuts since 2012. I mainly focus on the posttransitional economic activities in Bulgan, which involve collective management of goods (Empson 2014) and many new kinds of business related to cross-border trade. In the study I write about informal networks of businessmen and their way of fostering kinship relations in business. In this context I analyze the activity of the ‘Torgon Nutag Club’, established by a group of Torguud businessmen, who initiated and organized numerous social and cultural events and celebrations in their hometown. The majority of club members live in Ulaanbaatar, in the so-called ‘Torghut Town’, which can now be considered one of the main intellectual centres where the Torghuts are active. What is particularly important here is that in this way the Torghuts create not only spontaneous and original social organizations, but also the idioms of spiritually-benefi cial action, thus stimulating elements of a common fate, fortune-prosperity, life energy and potency.
PL
W pracy tej chcę pokazać, w jaki sposób antropologiczne rozumienie sfery nieformalności, obszaru spontanicznych i skomplikowanych mechanizmów współdziałania społecznego, może zmieniać się i rozwijać pod wpływem kontekstu badawczego. Zajmuje mnie szczególnie to, co jako działanie nieformalne i balansujące na granicy prawa było rozpoznawane przez badaczy i publicystów jako balast na drodze do właściwego rozwoju społecznego. Dlatego wprowadzam tutaj pojęcie „sztuki nieformalnego”, w którym rozpoznawane mogą być także pozytywne kulturowe uwarunkowania nieformalnej współpracy i w ten sposób też samoorganizacji społecznej. Następnie analizuję, jak zmienia się użycie tego pojęcia w sytuacji, w której badania odnoszą się do rzeczywistości potransformacyjnej Polski, Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, obszarów byłego Związku Sowieckiego oraz przede wszystkim – do współczesnej Mongolii. To przejście od polskich doświadczeń do złożonych kontekstów mongolskich jest pewną drogą poznawczą, w której na różnych poziomach napotykam konieczność tworzenia nowych, zmieniających się pojęć zdolnych uchwycić i zidentyfikować sferę tego, co nieformalne.
EN
In this article, I show how an anthropological understanding of informality and also spontaneous forms of social collaboration or self-organisation may change and develop when related to the concrete site and particular context of research. I am concerned with how the informal sector is recognised by researchers and as a kind of failure or as something defective which holds back modernisation and development programmes. I introduce the notion of “the art of the informal”, which encompasses and underlines some positive aspects of informal collaboration and a certain independent self-organisation. I analyse “the art of the informal” in the contexts of post-socialist Poland, Central-Eastern Europe, the former Soviet bloc, and especially contemporary Mongolia. I try to show that the informal ties existing in local traditions may signify grassroots forms of collaboration and an impulse for self-organisation. At the same time, I show how shifting from the context of postsocialist Europe to the context of contemporary Mongolia requires creating constantly new notions in order to name the informal processes vis-à-vis local cosmologies and imaginaries.
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