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EN
In the article the author attempts to describe the role of the psychotherapist within the context of therapy with victims and perpetrators of school violence. Basing his argumentation on two characteristic case studies regarding the behaviour of victims and perpetrators of this kind of violence, the author provides examples of various behaviours, emotions, feelings and reactions experienced by them. Particular attention is given to the analysis of the abuse-related trauma and conflicts and the search for effective copying or preventive strategies. Two case studies are an important part of the article, as they offer a practical illustration of how a therapist can help and support the clients who want to cope with the abuse-related trauma. The analysis of the case studies allows the reader to investigate practical aspects of the search for effective solutions which may help both victims and abusers. The premises examined in the article are well-documented in light of cited research, where detailed descriptions may be found in the extensive overview of relevant subject literature.
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EN
The author of the article attempts to describe the role of the leader within the context of being captured in the Drama Triangle. Basing his argumentation on the two characteristic case studies regarding leaders' behaviour, the author describes various behaviours, emotions, feelings and reactions experienced by leaders. Particular attention is given to the analysis of interpersonal conflicts and their possible solutions. The two case studies are an important part of the article as they present a practical illustration of how leaders act and experience the following roles: Victim, Prosecutor, Rescuer and Avenger. The analysis of the case studies allows the reader to investigate practical aspects of the search for effective solutions, which may help both leaders and their subordinates. The premises examined in the article are well-documented in research, and their detailed descriptions can be found in the rich review of subject literature.
EN
The author of the article demonstrates an example of using transactional analysis in working with young people. The key elements mentioned in the article include the ego structure and interpersonal games. The knowledge of what governs human behaviour can be helpful in predicting the effects of work with the youth, which also applies to transactional games, in which participants can choose their place or refuse to take part in the game. The refusal to play the game turned out to be the most effective strategy in the author's work as a camp instructor. Transactional analysis proved very useful in this kind of work, as it helped to distinguish between what the instructor could do from what she was not able to do.
EN
In Transactional Analysis six methodological elements of people’s relationships can be identified and described as “ways of time structuring”. They include: withdrawal, rituals, activities, pastimes, games and intimacy. These methods can be arranged along a continuum of commitment, but also the benefits that this form of contact offers. These gains are psychological and are based on one of the essential needs in life – the need of human contact. In the article, these assumptions have been attributed to the relationship on a family ground. The author points to the importance of all forms of contact in the family, especially focusing on games and intimacy. The former were defined as pathological, because they are insincere and based on manipulation. Intimacy – as it is understood in transactional analysis – is the most open and involved contact with another person. Therefore, it could be recognized as the foundation of healthy relationships within the family system.
PL
Analiza transakcyjna wskazuje sześć sposobów, w jakie ludzie mogą wchodzić ze sobą w relacje, określając je mianem „sposobów strukturalizacji czasu”. Wymienić wśród nich można: wycofanie, rytuały, aktywności, rozrywki, gry transakcyjne oraz intymność. Sposoby te ułożyć można na kontinuum zaangażowania, ale także zysków, jakie z danej formy kontaktu czerpiemy. Zyski te przybierają charakter psychologiczny i wynikają z jednej z podstawowych potrzeb życiowych – potrzeby kontaktu z drugim człowiekiem. W niniejszym artykule założenia te odniesione zostały do relacji na gruncie rodzinnym. Autorka wskazała na znaczenie wszystkich form kontaktu w rodzinie, szczególnie koncentrując się na grach transakcyjnych i intymności. Te pierwsze zostały określone jako patologiczne, gdyż są nieszczere i opierają się na manipulacji. Intymność, w rozumieniu analizy transakcyjnej, jest natomiast najbardziej otwartym i zaangażowanym kontaktem z drugim człowiekiem. To ona jest podstawą zdrowych relacji w systemie rodzinnym.
5
71%
PL
Przemoc szkolna jest jednym z najbardziej niepokojących zjawisk, nie tylko z punktu widzenie celów i funkcji szkoły, ale także w szerszym wymiarze życia społecznego oraz losów jednostek. Szkoła zamiast być miejscem bezpiecznym i spokojnym stanowi przestrzeń opresji i niepokoju. Przemoc na terenie szkoły jest złożoną, wieloaspektową i trudną kwestią o charakterze społecznym, psychologicznym i pedagogicznym, jak również stanowi problem moralny i aksjologiczny. Artykuł przedstawia autorski model przemocy szkolnej, z którą powinni się uporać uczniowie, nauczyciele i rodzice, a także ich transakcyjne stany ego. Model ten oparty jest na jednej z mniej znanych koncepcji psychoterapeutycznych, jaką jest analiza transakcyjna (AT). Przemoc szkolna rozgrywa się w trójkącie dramatycznym następujących ról psychologicznych: ofiara, ratownik (wybawca), prześladowca (według Stephena B. Karpmana). Wszystkie te czynniki tworzą sześcian wzajemnie uwarunkowanych zależności. Zapobieganie i zwalczanie przemocy w szkole powinno być prowadzone zgodnie ze wzorem trójkąta zwycięzcy i naprzemiennymi psychologicznymi rolami bycia: asertywnym, troskliwym i wrażliwym (według Acey Choy).
EN
School violence is one of the most disturbing phenomena, not only from the point of view of the goals and functions of a school, but also in the wider dimension of social life and the fate of individuals. Schools, instead of being safe and peaceful places, are a space of oppression and anxiety. Violence on school grounds is an extremely complex, multi-faceted and difficult issue of a social, psychological and pedagogical nature, as well as a moral and axiological problem. The paper presents an authorial model of school violence, which should be dealt with by students, teachers and parents, as well as their transactional ego states. This model is based on one of the lesser known psychotherapeutic concepts of transactional analysis (TA). School violence takes place within the Drama Triangle of the following psychological roles: Victim, Rescuer, Persecutor (Stephen B.Karpman). All these factors create a cube of mutually conditioned dependencies. Preventing and dealing with school violence should be conducted in accordance with the model of the Winner’s Triangle and alternating psychological roles of being: Assertive, Caring and Vulnerable (Acey Choy).
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