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1

Działalność UNCHR w Afryce i na Bliskim Wschodzie

100%

Olech A. K.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

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2018

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vol. 24

134-152

PL

Jednym z czynników destabilizujących międzynarodowy ład ekonomiczny i społeczny jest niekontrolowana migracja. Przemieszczanie się ludność między krajami, które nie jest uregulowane prawnie i organizacyjnie, prowadzi do sytuacji zagrażających bezpieczeństwu. Konflikty w Afryce i na Bliskim Wschodzie, doprowadziły do rekordowo wysokiej liczby osób opuszczających swoje miejsca zamieszkania. W ich wyniku aż 65,6 milionów osób zostało zmuszonych do przesiedlenia. W celu ochrony ludności został powołany United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Wysoki Komisarz Narodów Zjednoczonych do Spraw Uchodźców), który jest upoważniony do kierowania i koordynowania międzynarodowych działań na rzecz światowej ochrony uchodźców oraz rozwiązywania ich problemów. Działa on głównie w Afryce, gdzie problem z migracją istnieje od lat 60-tych XX wieku, kiedy to wiele państw uzyskiwało swoją niepodległość. Spory terytorialne, międzyplemienne, oraz autorytarna władza prowadziły do przemieszczania się ludności wewnątrz kontynentu. Państwa przyjmujące, takie jak Kenia, Etiopia, czy Uganda, nie były w stanie zapewnić wystarczających warunków dla uchodźców, dlatego też we współpracy z UNHCR, utworzono specjalne obozy dla osób przybywających. Obecnie są to quasi miasta, które poprzez wsparcie Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych i rządów państw, dają schronienie uchodźcom. Liczba miejsc w obozach nie jest nieograniczona, co powoduje coraz większe nasilenie migracji z Afryki do Europy

EN

One of the reasons destabilizing the international economic and social order is uncontrolled migration. Movement of people between countries, which is not regulated legally and organizationally, leads to situations threatening the security of the state and citizens. National and armed conflicts in Africa and the Middle East have led to a record number of people leaving their places of residence. As a result of persecution, conflicts, violence and violations of human rights, as many as 65.6 million people have been forced to resettle. In order to protect the population, UNHCR was established. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, which is mandated by the United Nations to direct and coordinate international efforts to protect refugees worldwide and solve their problems. The primary goal of UNHCR is to protect rights and prosperity. It is currently most active in Africa, where the problem of migration has existed since the 1960s, when many countries gained their independence. Territorial disputes and totalitarian forced people to move within the continent. Host countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda were not able to provide sufficient conditions for refugees, which is why special camps for arrivals were created in cooperation with UNHCR. Currently, changed into quasi cities that provide refuge to refugees through the support of the United Nations and the governments of the States. The number of places in the camps is not unlimited, which causes an increasing number of migrations from Africa to Europe.

2

Zasady postępowania z dziećmi pozbawionymi opieki w procedurach azylowych – kilka uwag na tle zalecanego standardu międzynarodowego

100%

Szuniewicz-Stępień M.

Themis Polska Nova

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2016

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issue 2(11)

186-218

EN

Children separated from their families who are seeking international protection are in a threefold jeopardize: as minors, as refugees, and as persons deprived of their protectors. They need prompt and comprehensive protection not only during asylum procedures but also in all aspects of life normally provided by parents, such as but not being limited to: shelter, food, medical care and education. This article aims to examine and evaluate the recommendations and guidelines pertinent to the unaccompanied children as adopted at international level by the international organizations (UN with special regard to UNHCR and UNICEF, the Council of Europe and the European Union), intergovernmental organization (the International Committee of the Red Cross) and specialized NGOs (eg. Save the Children) and, subsequently, to reconstruct a recommended standard of treatment of the separated children in the course of asylum proceedings. The result of said examination and evaluation are model rules of treatment of separated minor aliens applying for a refugee status in the European countries. It encompasses the following provisions: 1) adoption of sufficiently wide and flexible interpretation of prerequisites required for being granted a refugee status, with special regard to additional factors such as age and special forms of child prosecution; 2) appointment of a legal representative for a separated child in asylum procedure; 3) adoption of appropriate hearing procedures suitable for age of the applicant; 4) introduction of facilitations in asylum proceedings and liberalization of the evidence requirements, including the principle of the benefit of doubt; 5) assertion of an effective right to participate in asylum procedure; 6) to prioritize the applications regarding the separated children; 7) a proper training of persons dealing with the separated children seeking international protection and their applications. The review of the laws and practice of the European countries enables the Author to indicate the main problems with implementation of the international standard of treatment of the separated children and to assess the relevant provisions of the amended Act of 13 June 2003 on granting protection to aliens within the territory of the Republic of Poland.

3

TOWARD PROMOTING PROTECTION: REFUGEE PROTECTION AND LOCAL INTEGRATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

99%

Addaney M.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2017

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vol. 43

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issue 3(165)

71-88

EN

The ongoing refugee crises across the globe, especially in the case of large influxes and movements in Europe and Africa, remain an unsolved problem. This is particularly evident in Africa. It has been observed that in 2015 the African continent alone had more than 6 million refugees. Therefore this article examines the increasing obstacles in protecting refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa. The key question is how can the protection of refugees be guaranteed, especially during a mass influx in Sub-Saharan Africa? The paper discusses local integration with analytical reference to the Sub-Saharan African context. It argues that the 1969 Organisation of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa endorses the minimum normative standards of protection provided in the 1951 Refugee Convention. It further observes that facilitating the development of refugees and their host communities through effective local integration remains a durable solution. It concludes that local integration is possibly the only option for most refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa as possibilities for voluntary repatriation and third country resettlement become eroded in situations of protracted conflicts.

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Działalność UNCHR w Afryce i na Bliskim Wschodzie

Zasady postępowania z dziećmi pozbawionymi opieki w procedurach azylowych – kilka uwag na tle zalecanego standardu międzynarodowego

TOWARD PROMOTING PROTECTION: REFUGEE PROTECTION AND LOCAL INTEGRATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA