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Remarks on the genesis of UNRRA. Negotiations between the Great Powers and selected treaty provisions

100%
Kowalski K.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 7
161-172
EN
As a conceptual framework, UNRRA referred to one of the four freedoms (freedom from want) mentioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a speech given in Congress on January 6, 1946. In the first section, the article presents early attempts to coordinate assistance for the civilian population during World War II (The Committee of Supplies and The Inter-Allied Committee on European Post-War Requirements). The scale of actions taken was very small and insufficient. In January 1942, the USSR proposed the creation of an international organization that would collect information on raw materials and food. This initiative prompted Washington and London to launch a separate competitive project. The organization’s task was to bring help until the state gained economic independence. Therefore, the organization’s goal was not to rebuild the areas affected by war damage in the long term (rehabilitation not reconstruction). In the main part, the article presents the basic issues in dispute when creating the principle of allocating aid, for example, the requirement of consent of the receiving state to receive gifts or the composition of organs of the organization. For this purpose, the exchange of notes between Washington and London was analyzed. Differences of opinions delayed the signing of the contract which did not take place until November 1943.
2

Niewykorzystany kapitał. Pomoc międzynarodowa a początki rehabilitacji zawodowej w Polsce po II wojnie światowej

89%
Łotysz S.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2021
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vol. 66
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issue 1
25–54
EN
In 1946, at the request of the Polish government, UNRRA sent in two British experts in vocational rehabilitation to help establish the national framework of helping people with disabilities. During numerous meetings with government representatives, medical doctors, and social workers, as well as by trainings, lectures, and screenings of instructional films, they tried to familiarise Poles with the British model of rehabilitation. The model assumed close integration of medical and vocational rehabilitation and aimed at placing the disabled workers in the industry alongside those without disabilities. Initially, officials from the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare seemed to be keen to adopt such an approach, but in 1949, they turned toward the Soviet solutions. One of the main effects of this shift was moving away from employing the disabled in the industry. They were encouraged to join cooperatives instead, which, in the end, proved to be unfavorable to their social rehabilitation. The article reconstructs the activity of the British experts in Poland and analyses their observations from the encounters. By situating these events in a broader context of political and social conditions, I argue that replacing the progressive British model with Soviet solutions stemmed from the ongoing process of the Sovietization of Poland.
3
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Kraków czy Tarchomin? Historia sporu o lokalizację fabryki penicyliny przekazanej Polsce w ramach programu pomocowego UNRRA (1946–1947)

89%
Łotysz S.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 1(52)
289-310
EN
In early 1946, UNRRA (the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) offered to help several European countries, including Poland, to establish their own penicillin production. Initially, Poland’s fi rst penicillin plant was to be set up in an old hospital building in Kraków, and operated by the Ministry of Health. But in 1947, the government moved handling of the investment to the Ministry of Industry, and changed its designated location to an old pharmaceutical factory in Tarchomin, near Warsaw. Disappointed by this decision, the municipal authorities in Kraków attempted to revert it. This paper sheds light on a previously unknown chapter in the history of Poland’s pharmaceutical industry, while exploring the relations between municipal authorities and the centralized governmental institutions, during the fi rst few years of the communist regime’s consolidation in Poland. This work was made possible through fi nancial support from the National Science Centre, Poland, research grant number 2014/13/B/HS3/04951.
4
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Poválečná repatriace jako mezinárodní problém, její východiska a participace Československa

75%
Kasíková J.
Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
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2016
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vol. 8
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issue 2
92-123
EN
This article study describes the post-war repatriation as a specific type of population movement in post-war Europe in 1945. In the opinion of some historians, this is where the modern refugee policy originated. The aim of this research is to find a basis on which the care for Displaced Persons and the organizations of their repatriation was based after the end of World War II. Even during the war it was assumed that it will be a problem of considerable scope. Plans were therefore developed at the highest levels of government and during the international negotiations on post-war reconstruction. The cooperation was then safeguarded particularly by the authorities of UNRRA and SHAEF in collaboration with national institutions for repatriation in respective states. Czechoslovakia has, through its exile government in London, participated in the negotiations from the beginning. A representative of Czechoslovakia was present in all committees planning the future concept of the problem of Displaced Persons and their repatriation. During the negotiations, Czechoslovakia defined some specific requirements, in particular, the question of nationality and the rejection of repatriation of Germans and Hungarians to the Czechoslovakia. The government also issued a special regulation to the repatriation liaison officers. The research also briefly outlines the postwar organization of repatriation in Czechoslovakia itself.
5
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Problém poválečných Displaced Persons a jeho výzkum

75%
Kasíková J.
Dvacáté století - The Twentieth Century
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
69-91c
EN
The issue of post-war Displaced Persons involves millions of people who have been moved out of their homes as a result of events of war. The organization taking care of them (in particular UNRRA) was never as large and cooperative before. However, the post-war dynamic period marked the course of future events. What was originally a temporary problem was transformed into the situation with long-term impacts, particularly in the context of refugee policy. The Displaced Person studies seemed to take on the difficulties of the subject itself. It is a distinct domain, but it cannot be separated from other topics without distortion. On the contrary, it introduces a new dimension into these topics and shows clearly the transformation of post-war society as well as the complicated destiny of individual human lives.
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