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1

Uni ja unenäod udmurdi kultuuris

100%
Anisimov N., Toulouze E.
Mäetagused
|
2021
|
vol. 80
155-184
XX
In Udmurt culture sleep (iz’on, kölon, um) as well as dreams (vöt, uyvöt) have occupied a significant place. According to ordinary understandings, dreams are not subjected to this world’s rules of time and space: in a dream, places and spaces may suddenly change, and time moves quickly, or it does not move at all; it has stopped. Sleep and dreams are not thoroughly explained phenomena, and as such, they play a significant role in the communication between the world of the living and the world of the deities (spirits). Their importance is confirmed by the rules one has to follow when going to bed. The dream becomes a sacred space, in which it is possible to acquire sacred knowledge and skills. The narratives we are acquainted with tell us that during sleep one of the person’s souls, called urt, can fly away. Probably this is the reason why it is forbidden to suddenly awake a person sleeping: they may not wake up at all or may even lose their reason. Earlier the Udmurt even organised special rituals to catch the second soul. In the Udmurt culture, sleep and dreams constitute a non-real space, in which the living and the dead are able to meet and communicate. The initiators of the dreams can be both the living and the dead, in different situations. Through dreams, the dead are able to transmit to the living their wishes, their knowledge about events or accidents to come; they may complain about certain circumstances, etc. Today, the Udmurt are attentive to all dreams; they see in them signs connected to the real world and given from above, and they must be considered in order not to disturb the balance between the worlds.
2

COVID-19 ja udmurdi parimuskultuur

72%
Anisimov N., Glukhova G.
Mäetagused
|
2020
|
vol. 78
5-42
EN
In this article, we examine the spring ceremonies, the Eastern Udmurt’s summer ceremonies, and the Udmurt holidays (the Great Day, the Day of the Plough, Easter, commemoration days, etc.) during the COVID-19 quarantine as well as the humorous songs and chastushkas inspired by the quarantine and self-isolation. This article is the first attempt to describe and characterise the influence of the pandemic on the example of the Udmurt traditional culture. In our analysis, we rely on internet posts, data transmitted by informants, articles in district papers as well as observations by the authors. The data allow us to evaluate the changes in Udmurt customs and people’s adaptation to critical situations. Self-isolation caused anxiety in many village dwellers, because it was not possible to party in real time and place. The internet posts confirmed that the Udmurt are happy to share preparations and proceedings of their feasts, they like to send congratulations to friends and kin, who are able to participate both in joyful and sad emotions. The humorous Udmurt songs and chastushkas posted on the Internet help to survive in the difficult situation in the republic due to the COVID-19 crisis.
3

Diasporaa etnokultuuriline portree Kesk-Venemaal: Kama-tagused udmurdid, moodustumine, kultuur ja suhted naabritega

72%
Toulouze E., Anisimov N., Sadikov R.
Mäetagused
|
2023
|
vol. 86
139-180
EN
The Eastern Udmurt are a peripheral Udmurt ethnographic group whose members live mostly in Bashkortostan. This article introduces the reader to the migrations that led to the formation of this group, and to the main cultural characteristics that determine the originality of the Eastern Udmurt. Their settling in the Bashkir lands took place due to the penetration of the Russian power in the Volga region, which happened in the sixteenth century through warfare that damaged the local population. They started to settle in more peaceful regions, and the migration was continued in the subsequent centuries, reaching the peak with the forceful Evangelisation of the eighteenth century. This culture is rich and original: it has retained many Udmurt features as the ethnic religion that is still alive, and has merged with Turkic features in several important aspects, such as language, costume, and music. This continues with the observation of Eastern Udmurt organisations and the relation to their core territory, nowadays the Republic of Udmurtia.
4
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O restrykcjach leksykalnych w użyciu udmurckich przypadków końcówkowych

72%
Bielecki R.
Studia Rossica Gedanensia
|
2017
|
issue 4
23-36
PL
Przypadek jest pojmowany zazwyczaj jako kategoria gramatyczna. Gramatyka jest kojarzona z regularnością i w tym sensie jest nader często przeciwstawiana leksyce. Jednak nawet najbardziej regularny mechanizm językowy podlega w każdym języku jakimś restrykcjom o charakterze leksykalnym. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę opisu głównych mechanizmów funkcjonowania tego zjawiska w końcówkowym systemie przypadkowym języka udmurckiego. Jak się okazuje, pomimo iż nominativus jest przypadkiem takiej niezbywalnej dla zdania kategorii syntaktycznej, jaką jest podmiot, to jego znaczenie diatetyczne jest w ostatecznym rozrachunku determinowane przez znaczenie leksykalne czasownika. Syntagmatyczne manifestowanie się accusativu, kolejnego tzw. przypadka gramatycznego w języku udmurckim, także jest ograniczane przez ten sam czynnik. Sygnifikacja genetivu w jego funkcji stricte adnominalnej wydaje się zdeterminowana z kolei przez znaczenie leksykalne obu komponentów syntagmy adnominalnej. W użyciu pozostałych przypadków udmurckich można dostrzec globalnie jeszcze mniej regularności. Ich użycie zdeterminowane jest albo przez leksykalny kontekst czasownikowy, albo przez rzeczownikowy. W pewnych okolicznościach współwystępują oba czynniki.
EN
Case is traditionally viewed as a grammatical category. Grammar is associated with regularity, and in this sense, it is very often opposed to the lexis. Nevertheless, in every language, even the most regular lingual mechanism is subject to some lexical restrictions. In this paper, an attempt is made to describe the principal mechanisms of the functioning of this phenomenon in the Udmurt desinential case system. As it turns out, in spite of the fact that the nominative is the case of such an indispensable syntactic category for a sentence as the subject, its diathetic meaning is at the end of the day determined by the lexical meaning of the verb. The syntagmatic appearance of the accusative, the other so-called grammatical case in the Udmurt language, is also restricted by the same factor. In turn, the signification of the genitive in its strictly adnominal function seems to be determined by the lexis of both components of the adnominal syntagm. In the use of the other Udmurt cases, globally speaking, even greater irregularity can be observed. Their use is determined either by the verbal or by the substantival lexical context. In some cases both factors co-occur.
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