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EN
In the article, based on an analysis of the sources, it was found out that an important component of the socio-political and cultural processes of the 20–30-ies of the XXth century, initiated by the Bolsheviks, was a policy of «indigenization», aimed at providing the people of the Soviet republics with specific opportunities to develop their national culture and languages. In Ukraine the policy «indigenization» was called «Ukrainization». Educational work was declared by the Bolsheviks to be the third (after the military and economic) front of the struggle for socialism, but at the same time it became the main base for the implementation of the policy of Ukrainization. Officially the course on «ndigenization» was taken in 1923 at the XII Congress of the Bolshevik party. But even before its decision in September 1920, the Sovnarkom of the USSR announced the Ukrainization of schools, instructing the People’s Commissariat of education to develop urgently a plan for the development of education institutions of all levels with Ukrainian language of teaching. By the Council of people’s commissars was established the Central Ukrainization Commission. For the practical implementation of the developed activities the district commissions on Ukrainization were created in the districts. The position of District inspector on Ukrainization was introduced. To achieve the Ukrainization of schools it was necessary to prepare qualified teachers. In Glukhiv district teaching staff was systematically assessed and for those, who did not speak Ukrainian, appropriate training was organized. There was established a period, mainly for one year, for teachers to make a transition into Ukrainian as a language of teaching. Due to the targeted efforts of Glukhiv Inspectorate of public education all the schools in several districts were turned into Ukrainian. These results showed significant achievements in the development of Ukrainian national education on the territory Glukhiv district. It should be noted that Ukrainization of the public education system did not lead to the total use of Ukrainian and elimination of other languages. On the contrary, it contributed to the development of national schools, their actual rise in the second half of the 20-ies. The data of Inspectorate of education testify about the preservation of a network of national schools in Glukhiv district. Besides, the Russian-speaking population of Glukhiv district, willing to defend their privileged position at any cost, further defended the dominance of Russian culture. Failure to comply with orders of the Ukrainian authorities, sabotage were the usual means of struggle against the Ukrainian culture. Significant disadvantages in this case were observed in general education. So, in the course of checking the knowledge of Ukrainian language among the teachers in two districts, held in 1928, it was found out that only 8% know language enough. In the late 20-ies Ukrainization faded into the background, and the subsequent period finally nullified the results.
EN
The article discloses the value of the Company’s activities school education for the development of modern Ukrainian system of education. In particular, the author focuses on the main theoretical and methodological foundations of national schools, which were developed by the members of the Society of school education and which are relevant to the present. The focus on Ukrainization of education and the issue of addressing the education of national minorities, which occupied a significant place in the concepts of national education (1917 - 1920) and the rise of modern science is described. The parallel between the Project unified school implemented by members of the Society of school education and the problems of modern Ukrainian school is analyzed and conducted. Significant and relevant for today in the scientific legacy of pedagogical workers TCO is a statement about the priority of education of the individual, the concept of which is the revival of the national identity of the school, the process of humanization of the educational content, close interaction and cooperation in the sphere of youth education school, family and community. The activities TCO, its work in the development of a national system of education and training is of great interest in terms of today’s problems of schooling Ukrainian national revival. The study of the process of Ukrainization of secondary schools has important scientific and practical value. The importance of objective analysis of the process of Ukrainization is amplified due to the fact that this problem remains vital. In recent years a number of laws and resolutions of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine was adopted, so they define new approaches for its solution. The basic principles of the state policy are reflected in the Constitution of Ukraine, the State national program «Education» (Ukraine of the XXI century), the Law of Ukraine «On General secondary education» and other documents. Language policy in education is considered as one of the important directions of the national state. Therefore, understanding the complex of existing educational problems and to develop constructive approaches to their solution is only possible if the scientists re-create the actual history of previous school reform, the generalization of positive experience and accounting errors and deficiencies that occurred previously.
UK
На основі аналізу нормативних правових документів та сучасної наукової історичної літератури визначено особливості дії тотальної русифікації на події сучасної історії України. На час проведення політики українізації русифікаційні напади дещо послабили свою активність, порівняно з Валуївським циркуляром та Емським указом. За період Радянської України русифікація розвивалася досить потужно: цьому сприяли повна русифікація армії у всьому СРСР, освітня політика Радянського Союзу, особливості кадрової політики розподілу робочих місць молодим спеціалістам після закінчення середніх спеціальних та вищих навчальних закладів. Починаючи з 1970 р. науковий світ усіх тодішніх республік Союзу теж русифікувався – бо всі захисти дисертацій затверджувалися у Москві, а автореферати дозволялося публікувати тільки російською мовою. А російська мова тим часом все більше популяризується. Радянську політику русифікації на Україні цілком можна назвати зброєю сповільненої дії, яка через десятиліття своєї планомірної дії досягла свого фактичного результату – війни, у якій гинуть абсолютно невинні люди. Культ так званої «радянської людини» формувався протягом всього періоду існування СРСР. Особливо успішним це формування виявилося на території нашої України. З плином часу це призвело до певних ознак стирання національної самоідентифікації українського народ та до формування подвійної ментальності. Політика наших пропрезидентських партій повністю це підтверджує. На момент розпаду Радянського Союзу на території нашої України більшість населення становили україномовні українці та дещо менше було російськомовних українців. Але за суттєву проблему це ні політики найвищого рангу, ні переважна більшість суспільства не вважали. Значна кількість українців російськомовних та станом на переддень військової російської агресії переважно занадто толерантне ставлення більшості українських громадян до явища російськомовності в Україні. Існування так званої подвійної ментальності в сучасній Україні - прозахідного (європейського) спрямування та східний (промосковський) з відповідними культурними характеристиками. Враховувати потрібно і той факт, що на Україні відбувається старіння нації, і носіїв промосковського типу ментальності було за часи незалежності більше, тому представників проросійських партій завжди було достатньо у Верховній Раді. Ті мовні закони, які затверджувала Верховна Рада України за весь час її існування є прямим підтвердженням цього факту. З точки зору цивілізаційного підходу є важливим погляд іноземних дослідників (істориків, публіцистів, соціологів, політологів) на проблему русифікації українського народу у складі Радянського Союзу та у часи незалежності.
EN
On the basis of the analysis of normative legal documents and modern scientific historical literature the peculiarities of the action of total Russification on the events of modern history of Ukraine are determined. At the time of the policy of Ukrainization, Russification attacks had somewhat weakened their activity, compared to the Valuev Circular and the Ems Decree. During the period of Soviet Ukraine, Russification developed quite strongly: this was facilitated by the full Russification of the army throughout the USSR, the educational policy of the Soviet Union, the peculiarities of personnel policy for the distribution of jobs to young professionals after graduating from secondary special and higher education.Beginning in 1970, the scientific world of all the then republics of the Union was also Russified - because all dissertation defenses were approved in Moscow, and abstracts were allowed to be published only in Russian. Meanwhile, the Russian language is becoming more and more popular. The Soviet policy of Russification in Ukraine can be called a weapon of slow action, which after decades of its planned action has achieved its actual result - a war in which completely innocent people die. The cult of the so-called “Soviet man” was formed throughout the existence of the USSR. This formation was especially successful on the territory of our Ukraine.Over time, this led to certain signs of erasure of the national self-identification of the Ukrainian people and the formation of a dual mentality. The policy of our pro-presidential parties fully confirms this. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the territory of our Ukraine, the majority of the population were Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians and slightly fewer Russian-speaking Ukrainians. But neither the highestranking politicians nor the vast majority of society considered this to be a significant problem. A significant number of Russian-speaking Ukrainians and, on the eve of Russian military aggression, the majority of Ukrainian citizens are overly tolerant of the Russian-speaking phenomenon in Ukraine. The existence of the so-called dual mentality in modern Ukraine – pro-Western (European) and Eastern (pro-Moscow) with the appropriate cultural characteristics. You need to take into account that.The fact that the nation is aging in Ukraine, and there were more pro-Moscow mentality since independence, so there were always enough representatives of pro-Russian parties in the Verkhovna Rada. The language laws approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine during its entire existence are a direct confirmation of this fact. From the point of view of the civilization approach, the view of foreign researchers (historians, publicists, sociologists, political scientists) on the problem of Russification of the Ukrainian people within the Soviet Union and at the time of independence is important
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