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EN
The following study is devoted to the problem of preventing offensive missions led with small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The main goal of the paper is to familiarize the reader with a general methodology for counteracting offensive UAVs. In this paper, the authors describe counter UAV approach, which includes several stages, such as: the identification of threats, the development of prevention measures, active counteracting (including: detection, tracking, identification, evaluation, decision making and counteraction), evaluation and improvement of the anti-UAV counteraction system.In the recommendations, the authors give two non-exclusive practical approaches to countering hostile UAVs: the offensive counter UAV and the defensive counter UAV, which concern wide range of different strategies from “destroy as many UAVs as possible” to “protect all high value assets from UAVs threats”.
EN
Microtopographic mapping has a long history in archaeology and has gained prominence recently owing to the proliferation of digital technologies. With such proliferation, it becomes necessary to compare and contrast different approaches based on a common set of criteria. This article compares the implementation and efficiency of two methods of mapping microtopography – ground-based Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry (UAVP) survey – assessing the pros and cons of each, including those related to data quality. ‘Off-the-shelf’ solutions for methods were used to create the comparative dataset of microtopographic maps of six Middle and Late Bronze Age sites over the course of four seasons between 2007 and 2013 in the study area of the Central Lydia Archaeological Survey in western Turkey. Comparison of results demonstrate that the methods are similar with respect to ease of implementation, cost efficiency, and the (in)significance of data defects, while, unsurprisingly, UAVP survey can be greater than one order of magnitude more labor efficient than RTK GNSS survey and over two orders of magnitude more detailed as measured by data density. The accuracy of both methods is high, within typical error budgets for site-level mapping, and comparable to other recent digital mapping approaches. Accordingly, the results suggest that, given site suitability, UAVP is the more labor and cost-efficient method in the long run, with significant data quality benefits.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy integracji bezzałogowych statków powietrznych z unijnym systemem lotnictwa cywilnego. Autor przedstawia podstawowe pojęcia i terminologię stosowaną w organizacjach międzynarodowych i w Polsce. Charakteryzuje elementy bezzałogowego systemu powietrznego i możliwości jego wykorzystania. Przedstawia proces kształtowania się ram prawnych unijnego systemu funkcjonowania bezzałogowych statków powietrznych oraz uwarunkowania i perspektywy jego wdrożenia oraz omawia funkcjonowanie dronów w Polsce.
EN
The article concerns the integration of the unmanned aircraft system with EU civil aviation. The paper presents the basic concepts and terminology used by international organizations (such as ICAO, EASA) and in Poland. Described are elements of an unmanned air system and the possibilities of its use. The paper shows also the process of shaping the legal framework of the EU system relating to the functioning of unmanned aerial vehicles and the conditions and prospects of its implementation. The article discusses also the operation of unmanned aircraft in Poland.
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