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1

De gustibus non est disputandum. Neobvyklý jídelníček exotických národů ve Vokabuláři zvaném Lactifer

100%
Šedinová H.
Listy filologické (Folia philologica)
|
2011
|
vol. 134
|
issue 3-4
341-366
EN
The dictionary Vocabularius dictus Lactifer was written at the brink of the 16th century by the preacher and author of religious texts Jan Bosák Vodňanský (Iohannes Aquensis). It is the latest bohemical source of excerption for entries in the Latinitatis medii aevi lexicon Bohemorum. The author provided the description of names, verbs and adverbs in the first three books of the Vocabulary. Its second part is a form of encyclopaedia of natural sciences which lists, within nine books, various human monsters, illnesses, trees, herbs, stones, birds, four-legged animals, fish and, finally, snakes and worms. The fourth book (De monstruosis hominibus) is a rich source of various names as it is dedicated to humans, individuals and exotic peoples, mythological characters, who differ, in their appearances or behaviour, from what was perceived as normal in the Middle Ages. Amongst all the deviations listed by the author, based on classical and medieval sources, the most interesting are the descriptions of unusual eating habits in certain Asian and African peoples. Classical and medieval authors did not concentrate primarily on individual meals when describing exotic foods. Rather, they provided descriptions of various ways of obtaining and preparing meals. The Greeks considered themselves civilised because they drank wine and milk as well as water. They also prepared the plants they grew and the meats they hunted before consuming them. This was the main difference between the Greeks and the primitive peoples whose diet consisted mainly of a single kind of crop (lotus, fallen fruits, seeds, roots) or a single kind of meat, often from quite unusual animals (fish, snakes, lizards, grasshoppers, crickets, worms), sometimes even eaten raw. Furthermore, the means by which food was obtained did not require further processing and the final product was not heated, frozen or fermented so that its consumption is reminiscent of animals feeding, while eating raw meat is only a step away from cannibalism. Besides describing eating habits considered strange by the medieval author, even though they reflected the way people ate in Antiquity, classical and medieval sources, including Vodňanský’s Vocabulary, provide the description of anomalies which are questionable from the present point of view and for which there is a lack of evidence and are as such only explainable by a number of hypotheses. These are descriptions of people living on liquids only, people whose lips have grown together and whose noses only have a tiny opening, people who are only able to eat seeds, people without mouths who live on fruit aroma etc. Regardless of whether these descriptions derive from misinterpretations or simplifications of original sources now lost, or whether they are fabrications of classical and medieval authors, they have become an integral and popular part of mirabilia collections and they have contributed to the perception of Africa and Asia as exotic lands inhabited by fantastic monsters.
2

Ezoteryczna koncepcja ciała i ewolucji człowieka. Dieta wegetariańska jako droga wtajemniczenia w Rosji Srebrnego Wieku

88%
Rzeczycka M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2011
|
vol. 153
327-337
EN
The article is devoted to esoteric conception of the human body and its evolution. At the beginning of the 20th century, when occult philosophy was very popular in Europe, this theory won many followers who decided to change their diet radically. The popularity of vegetarianism was conducive to founding numerous vegetarian restaurants. Before Revolution in 1917, there were over 50 of them in Russia (in the big cities and health resorts mainly). The founders of the most popular of these places were advocates of Leo Tolstoy’s philosophy (Pavel Biriukov and Vladimir Chertkov in Moscov and Kiev), as well as Russian theosophists (Anna Kamenska in St. Petersbourg and Jekaterina Pisareva in Kaluga and Podborki). Vegetarianism inspired by esotericism was very popular among the Russian artists, which is reflected in the literature from the Silver Age.
3
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CAN A YAK-EATER BECOME A VEGETARIAN? A GLOBAL ANIMAL RIGHTS DISCOURSE AS THE 'INVENTED TRADITION' IN THE TIBETAN DIASPORA (Czy jakozerca moze zostac wegetarianinem? Globalny dyskurs praw zwierzat jako 'tradycja wynaleziona' w diasporze tybetanskiej)

75%
Bloch N.
Lud
|
2010
|
vol. 94
121-142
EN
The article discusses the incorporation of globally spread socio-political categories by groups from outside the Western cultural circles. The author aims to explain the reasoning behind these ideas and how they are translated into the practice of everyday life. As an illustration of the problem she has chosen the discourse on animal rights and vegetarianism as the 'new Tibetan tradition', since during several years of field research in the camps of Tibetan refugees in India she had the opportunity to follow the birth of the idea and its development. Refugees are an interesting group to analyze such phenomena, because they are part of what is called the 'international refugee regime' and are forced to engage in a dialogue with the dominant discourses. The article shows that although the participants of the dialogue do not have equal rights, it can be the source of the group subjectivity, and the group uses it to accomplish their own objectives. Eric Hobsbawm's concept of 'invention of tradition' has been used to analyze the process.
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