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EN
The aim of this study is to reconsider the nature of the relationship between the two editions of Claudio Merulo’s Ricercari d’intavolatura d’organo, libro primo (Venice, 1567; ibid., 1605). On the basis of a careful bibliographic analysis it is possibile to highlight the probable derivation of the posthumous reprint produced by Angelo Gardano in 1605 from the original edition published by the same Merulo in 1567 and, more generally, various aspects related to the materiality of the editorial work concerning the publishing of a music book at the time.
EN
The goal of the article is a comparative analysis of rhetorical strategies used by Venetian and Novgorodian chroniclers from the 13th – 15th centuries in accounts of the two conflicts, respectively: power struggle in Venice (1026– 1032) and the „Novgorodian Revolution“ (1136). The author concludes that, while earlier historical accounts from Novgorod and Venice were very much similar, in the later period, due to the differences in the political evolution between the two republics, Novgorod and Venice adopted different rhetorical strategies of history-writing. In what they diverged was mainly a representation of the „political people“, i.e. townspeople enjoying full political rights.
EN
In 2010 Jan Jakub Kolski published his book: Pamięć podróżna. Fragmentozbiór filmowy. In the book Kolski expresses his opinion on film adaptation from the point of view of a practitioner; in a methodical and practical way he describes how to adapt a literary work of art to the cinema. The present article is a kind of a “case study”: on the basis of Kolski’s film Venice, the author enquires if, to what extent and to what effect the director has really satisfied his ‘adaptative’ demands.
EN
The topic of the article is the image of Venice in Wenecja, a Polish feature film direc­ted by Jan Jakub Kolski from 2010. The imaginary image of this city was inspired by “Sezon w Wenecji” (from the volume titled Jedźmy, wracajmy..., Krakow 1993 or Jedźmy, wracajmy i inne opowiadania, Warsaw 2000), a literary text by Włodzimierz Odojewski (1930–2016).  The article undertakes to analyse the image of Venice in the film by the author of Historia kina w Popielawach as a testimony of understanding its role in a particular historical space and time, of both the plot of the film and the projected reception.
EN
The article discusses the image of the city presented in the novel Smutna Wenecja by Wacław Kubacki, an outstanding literary historian, and how the writer’s interests and experiences influenced the topic and the character of the work (he utilised his journals). The city depicted by Kubacki seems to possess a dichotomous nature. The Venetian garden of the arts and the mecca of academics was contrasted with the Venice of poor and foul recesses. The author contrasted the Venice of tourists’ “unbridled excess” with the reality of the life of Venice’s proletariat. The article indicates the linguistic and compositional means which the writer used to reflect that duality, beauty, and ugliness. The article also indicates the dominant features of the novel, i.e. intellectualism and sensoriness.
EN
In this day and age, overtourism has become a burning issue and a considerable challenge to tackle. It will remain on the rise as long as the tourism industry continues to grow. It appears impossible to stop or eliminate. Therefore, it only seems reasonable to adopt proper management strategies. Since no comprehensive solution has been elaborated as of yet, tourist destinations have started to take their own measures in order to handle the issue. The objective of the article is to identify the underlying characteristics of overtourism with regard to the strongly promoted concept of sustainable development of tourism, and to analyze the methods of handling overtourism, following the example of Venice. The issue of excessive tourist traffic in the center of Venice is very well-known. The problem is serious enough to serve as a case study in the context of tourist destination management.
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EN
The urban space in the Republic of Venice (circa 800–1797) seems to have had a more malleable and variable quality than other towns situated on dry land: its physical space was not merely an ‘infrastructure’, the precondition for the existence of social space, but rather something that was actively produced and reconstructed by society itself. This is one reason why the authors decided to use the Republic of Venice to study the relationship between the social and physical space and chart the ways in which social inequalities at the dawn of the modern era were reflected in the organisation of the urban space. They present Venice as ‘two cities in one’: Venice the city built and portrayed from the perspective of the privileged classes, i.e. the viewpoint of those who had themselves transported through the city on gondolas; and Venice the city of the pedestrian traffic of the lower classes, excluded from political life. The authors set out to attain a better understanding of the deep social and political inequalities that existed in Venice on the one hand and of how it endured a thousand years of internal political stability without experiencing a single attempt at revolt, revolution or social uprising on the other. They therefore focus not just on forms of stratification, segregation and exclusion, but also on how Venetian society integrated its marginalised members and how it accorded them social and cultural relevance and recognition.
EN
In the article an attempt has been made to show the poem In Venice by Georg Trakl as a text whose ‘lexical’ frame adopts the pictures appearing in the novella Death in Venice by Thomas Mann. Such a translocation of the image is possible thanks to the hermetic structure of the text by Trakl and the precise construction of the text by Mann. The poem by Trakl is not only a frame for another picture: It creates its own picture that can be seen by anyone who first takes a closer look at its author’s stu­dio – at Trakl’s existential spacetime.
PL
In 1519, Patriarch Antonio Contarini (1508–24) was trying to impose his authority over the female monasteries in Venice. He wanted to impose a stricter discipline and a more rigid lifestyle to the nuns, who were accustomed to comforts. However, he soon found major impediments from many Venetian families. The majority of nuns had aristocratic origins, and their relatives did not want them to lose their ancient privileges. Besides, monasteries symbolised the honour of the city and their families, so many noblemen reacted against any changes. After complaints began to spread, the government decided to get in touch with its ambassador in Rome, Marco Minio. Minio was asked to intercede with the pope: the Republic wanted a papal approval of Contarini’s reformation to end the dispute.In the present paper, Minio’s correspondence on this subject is analysed to trace the process developed in June–August of 1519. The Venetian ambassador tried to balance words and a decision to appease both the Republic and the Holy See. The case study is indeed an example of clever procrastination which eventually made it possible for Venice to accomplish its goal.
PL
A vital factor governing early modern diplomatic relations was the practice of hospitality. To assure that the embassy began amicably, ambassadors had to be received with generosity. The nature and extent of diplomatic hospitality differed according to the host state, but it often included the offer of housing and victuals. This critical edition of a primary source aims to shed new light on the characteristics of diplomatic hospitality by carefully examining a list of expenses drafted by the Venetian office of the Rason Vecchie. This archival document provides a detailed account of all the food that was supplied to host a Muscovite delegation that visited Venice in 1582. In the first place, the article unravels the qualities and dynamics of Venetian food gifts by contextualising and comparing the source with additional Venetian records. Furthermore, it argues that the type of foodstuffs offered, the amount of money spent on them, and the splendour of festive banquets all communicated strong symbolic and political messages. By focusing the analysis on lists of expenses, the relevance of these documents for the study of diplomatic practices is illustrated. Overviews of financial transactions might seem static and dry accounts at first sight, however, when analysed closely, they reveal a great deal about the day-to-day operation of early modern diplomacy.
EN
The subject of the article is a review of images of Venice recorded in Polish poetry between the years 1829–1870. The paper deliberately stops in the 1870s in the selection of the literary material to be analysed, focusing on the Romantic and post-Romantic tradition. Due to the different artistic value of the works, the author adopted the formula of a historical and literary “catalogue” ordered chronologically and partly problematicised according to the functions which Venetian scenery or culture perform in them. Attention is drawn to the fact that Venetian motifs present in the poetry of Polish artists tend to be related to particular phenomena and topics, such as Byronism, Gothicism, political and national camouflage, love and existential masks, conflict between people and power. The authors referred to in the paper include, among others, Adam Mickiewicz, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Zygmunt Krasiński, Edward Dembowski, Edmund Chojecki, Karol Baliński, Mieczysław Gwalbert Pawlikowski, Teofil Lenartowicz, Feliks Wicherski, Teofil Nowosielski, Aleksander Michaux and Wiktor Gomulicki.
12
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Iwaszkiewicz’s Venice

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EN
The article offers an overview of Iwaszkiewicz’s Venice works, starting with his early poems from his first visit in the city on a lagoon, and all the way to a work in his final poetry collection. This overview helps one realise that the writer’s autobiography is the key to all of them. Both poems and prose works followed the writer’s rhythm of existence. The presented images not so much extract the features of the city but rather refer to the author’s age, mood, and mental disposition. Another major factor that shaped the image of Venice in Iwaszkiewicz’s works were the conventional topoi consolidated in culture which build the artistic means of symbolising actual spaces. Iwaszkiewicz’s text, which developed for nearly sixty years is a praise of art understood, per modernist principles, in an absolutist manner.
EN
This text is a reconstruction of the image of Venice offered in Listy z podróży by Antoni Edward Odyniec. Against the background of Romantic traditions (Byron, Chateaubriand, Shelley, and Radcliffe), I present how the author shaped the portrait of Venice suspended between the Romantic vision of the city/monster (Leviathan) and the ballad-based vision of the city/Siren. I indicate not only the fact that the image of Venice was rooted in the sentimental/Romantic stereotype, but I also define to what extent it was formed by the imagined world of Polish nobility, i.e. szlachta. Most of all, however, I am interested in the traces present in Listy z podróży which enable one to uncover Mickiewicz’s influence on how Odyniec shaped the image of Venice.
EN
The main aim of the article is to identify key interpretation issues in two texts by Adam Wiedemann. Both texts feature contemporary literary pictures of visits to Venice – the Polish author wrote a short story (Sens życia. Opowiadanie śródziemnomorskie, 1998) and a poem (Tramwaj na Lido, 2015) about his journeys to Italy. Those textual visions of the urban space of Venice show that Wiedemann is fully aware of many similar attempts made earlier yet still strives to stress his distinctness, creating a record of meetings of the contemporary visitor with the unique phenomenon of the unusual urban phenomenon.
EN
The article is the first attempt at a holistic view of Stanisław Vincenz’s relationship with Italian culture. Since his youth, Vincenz would visit the Italian Peninsula travelling to Venice and, already as an emigrant after World War II, made a few visits to Naples and Tuscany. These journeys resulted in numerous comments included in his essays on Dante Alighieri, as separate overview Z perspektywy podróży (From a traveller’s perspective) and List z Neapolu. Dialog z Czesławem Miłoszem (A letter from Naples. A dialogue with Czesław Miłosz). Italian journeys, interest in Dante and Italian culture (architecture, painting, folk rituals) brought numerous Italian motifs in the tetralogy Na wysokiej połoninie (On a high mountain pasture). The key element is included in volume II, Zwada (Conflict), which describes a group of loggers cutting down trees in a primeval Carpathian forest. In this part, a young Italian dies and is buried after a Hutsul funeral ritual which is not understood by the foreigners. The analysis of the abovementioned motifs shows how important Italian culture was to Vincenz, also in a very personal sense, given the Vincenz family’s distant Venetian roots. One may even claim that for the writer, Italy was almost a family land. Personifying the European spirit, Italy was his “broader” homeland.
EN
The type of la donna Italiana, the statuesque woman with dark hair, light skin and large, black, hypnotic eyes was popularized among the European men of letters in the nineteenth century. This stereotype had already been solidified in eighteenth-century Italian phraseology, but it was later brought into general use by Madame de Staël and George Byron. The Italian poet of the late nineteenth century, Annetta Ceccoli Boneschi, gathered and described the most distinctive features of the female citizens of different regions of Italy used by foreign writers to create their heroines. Among others, the Venetians were supposed to be the most beautiful and seductive women, with their soft accent and smouldering gaze. In Poland, this type of heroine appeared in Józef Ignacy Kraszewski’s novel The Half-Demon of Venice, which is the main focus of this article. The creation of an Italian donna in this romance uses the stereotypes formed during the nineteenth century, but it also uses the individual observations made by Kraszewski himself during his tour through Italy.
EN
The first decades of the new millennium have seen an odd return to origins in Shakespeare studies. The Merchant in Venice, a site-specific theatrical production realized during the 500th anniversary year of the “original” Jewish Ghetto, was not only a highlight among the many special events commemorating the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death in 2016, but also a more creative and complex response to historicism. With her nontraditional casting of five Shylocks (developed through collaborations with scholars and students as well as her international, multilingual company), director Karin Coonrod made visible the acts of cultural projection and fracturing that Shakespeare’s play both epitomizes and has subsequently prompted. This article, written by a participant-observer commissioned to capture on video the making and performance of Compagnia de’ Colombari’s six-night run in the Campo del Ghetto Nuovo, explores the way this place is-and indeed, the category of place itself is always - a dynamic temporal construct, defying more complacent attempts at simple return (to home, to the text, to the past). Such a recognition allows nuanced, hybrid forms of multicultural theater and Shakespeare scholarship to emerge, and to collaborate more fruitfully.
PL
Where histories of Venetian diplomatic success in France have long drawn on the ambassadors’ dispacci and relazioni, these are only just beginning to be used to explore the personalities of the ambassadors themselves. In contrast, this article will use French notarial and legal records to investigate the daily lives of the ambassador and his staff in seventeenth century Paris. In particular, it will examine documents attesting to the turbulent life of the Hôtel de Venise, and its boisterous staff and servants. Apart from their official presence at Versailles, little has been done to establish where the ambassadors lived in Paris, and with whom they had contact. This article first shows the mobility of the official hôtel, but also points to simultaneous lodgings being held by the ambassadors, suggesting an official and a private life. This also illustrates the ambassadors in contact with the Parisian elite, beyond the court. It then outlines how the French archival record points to which were the most visible household officers, and traces their appearance in legal and business transactions. It demonstrates a distinct corps of Italian officers, and French domestiques, all of whom represented Venice in Paris, and had contact with Parisians. While these servants eased the ambassadors’ existence in France, they also created problems for them. Indeed, some servants were more likely to make trouble than others. In situations where the ambassadors’ servants breached the peace, or were themselves menaced by the French, who was ultimately responsible for the good behaviour of the embassy?
PL
The Barcarolle, Op. 60 is a late (1846) Chopin masterpiece. The shrewdest interpreters (Maurice Ravel, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz) immediately understood that this miniature represents something much deeper than just a skilful stylisation based on Italian (Venetian?) melody. The author presents and discusses in detail several hermeneutic attempts at interpreting the meanings of the Barcarolle, devoting particular attention to Iwaszkiewicz’s sketch ‘Barkarola Chopina’. He also draws attention to the peculiar rhetoric of the text (strongly marked aquatic motifs, accentuated polyvalence and the shimmering of meaning). He goes on to reveal striking connections between the semantics of Iwaszkiewicz’s essay on the Barcarolle and his texts devoted to Venice. In the final section, he puts forward the hypothesis that the Barcarolle can be interpreted as a musical portrait of Venice - a portrait made of sounds, and so by definition vague, allusive and symbolic; a portrait in which the rocking and shimmering of the notes is also the shimmering of meaning.
EN
Venice, one of the most enchanting cities in the world, has always been a very popular destination for travellers. For Poles who travelled through Europe in the eighteenth century, Venice was an important and frequently visited city. Polish noblewomen of that era, who travelled as frequently as their male counterparts, wrote many memoirs describing their journeys. Very few of their diaries, however, have survived to this day. Memoirs describing their Venetian escapades, rarely published, are mostly buried deep in archives and libraries. Travel diaries of Teofila Konstancja Morawska, née Radziwiłł (1738–1818) and Katarzyna Platerowa, née Sosnowska (born c. 1748– 1832), widely considered as two of the most interesting publications describing Venice of that time, are filled with thoughtful observations of life in eighteenth-century Venice. Details about the city’s landscape and architectural artefacts, the chronicles of theatrical performances, descriptions of works of art and local cuisine and customs represent a remarkable source of information about appearances, the mentality and everything that defined the life of the eighteenth-century Venetians. Their memoirs are on a par with those written by men of their time and their observant eyes make them an extraordinary source of information about life in Venice of the eighteenth century.
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