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EN
In this article, I trace the process through which World War II (WWII) has become the „good war” in American culture. Drawing on a range of books and articles published on the subject —and often written by the war’s veterans—I summarize their findings considering the essentially mythical nature of the conflict’ common memory. The well-known aspects of this myth include the view that WWII was a straightforward struggle between good and evil, that the U.S. soldiers who fought it belonged to “the greatest generation,” and that it was ultimately an expression and activization of American honor, heroism, and gallantry. Further on, I argue that beginning in the 1980s, a resurgence of cultural interest in WWII becomes evident, but now tinged not only with the emerging image of “the good war,” but also with nostalgia—and that the “nostalgization” of the conflict was caused directly by, and indeed possible only because of, the U.S. experience in Vietnam. I trace the multifaceted and multiple references to WWII in Vietnam War narratives—but also to Vietnam in some nostalgic representations of WWII.
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EN
This article is a review of The League of Wives: The Untold Story of the Women Who Took on the U.S. Government to Bring Their Husbands Home (2019) by Heath Hardage Lee. The book presents a popular history of the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia, an organisation that advocated for the rights of American prisoners of war captured by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
EN
In 1841, Wacław Jabłonowski, in a review of Juliusz Słowacki’s Beniowski, depicted in the poet a fiery rain which would cleanse the nation of “disgusting growths of weepy Romanticism”. The paper presents an ironic play with the motif of tears in the poem, which is, above all, a play with literary conventions. An example of farewell love letters flooded with tears is regarded not only in the context of the poet’s distance from sentimental and romantic affects (the issue of authenticity and artificiality) or from literary styles, but also in the context of the imagological constructs of—real or projected—Polish identity as well as reactions to the loss of independence. Juxtaposing Beniowski with Byron’s Don Juan, the paper shows how Słowacki overcomes irony and moves towards mysticism.
EN
In the course of a career that spans half a century, from the Vietnam era to the America of Barack Obama, Sam Shepard has often been labelled as a “quintessentially American” playwright. According to Leslie Wade, “[d]rawing from the disparate image banks of rock and roll, detective fiction, B-movies, and Wild West adventure shows,” Shepard’s texts “function as a storehouse of images, icons, and idioms that denote American culture and an American sensibility” (Sam Shepard 2). The article addresses Shepard’s work in the 1990s, when - as suggested by Stephen J. Bottoms - the writer’s prime concern was with depicting “a Faustian nation mired in depravity and corruption” (245). The discussion centres primarily upon a brief anti-war play first presented by the American Place Theatre in New York City on 30 April 1991, States of Shock, whose very title appears to sum up much of the dramatist’s writing to date, aptly describing the disturbing atmospheres generated by his works and the sense of disorientation frequently experienced by both Shepard’s characters and his audiences. The essay seeks to provide an insight into this unsettling one-act play premiered in the wake of the US engagement in the First Gulf War and deploying extravagant, grotesque theatricality to convey a sense of horror and revulsion at American military arrogance and moral myopia. It investigates how Shepard’s haunting text - subtitled “a vaudeville nightmare” and focusing on a confrontation between a peculiar male duo: an ethically crippled, jingoistic Colonel and a wheelchair-using war veteran named Stubbs - revisits familiar Shepard territory, as well as branching out in new directions. It demonstrates how the playwright interrogates American culture and American identity, especially American masculinity, both reviewing the country’s unsavory past and commenting on its complicit present. Special emphasis in the discussion is placed on Shepard’s preoccupation with the aesthetics of performance and the visual elements of his theatre. The essay addresses the artist’s experimental approach, reflecting upon his creative deployment of dramatic conventions and deliberate deconstruction of American realism.
EN
In the course of a career that spans half a century, from the Vietnam era to the America of Barack Obama, Sam Shepard has often been labelled as a “quintessentially American” playwright. According to Leslie Wade, “[d]rawing from the disparate image banks of rock and roll, detective fiction, B-movies, and Wild West adventure shows,” Shepard’s texts “function as a storehouse of images, icons, and idioms that denote American culture and an American sensibility” (Sam Shepard 2). The article addresses Shepard’s work in the 1990s, when - as suggested by Stephen J. Bottoms - the writer’s prime concern was with depicting “a Faustian nation mired in depravity and corruption” (245). The discussion centres primarily upon a brief anti-war play first presented by the American Place Theatre in New York City on 30 April 1991, States of Shock, whose very title appears to sum up much of the dramatist’s writing to date, aptly describing the disturbing atmospheres generated by his works and the sense of disorientation frequently experienced by both Shepard’s characters and his audiences. The essay seeks to provide an insight into this unsettling one-act play premiered in the wake of the US engagement in the First Gulf War and deploying extravagant, grotesque theatricality to convey a sense of horror and revulsion at American military arrogance and moral myopia. It investigates how Shepard’s haunting text - subtitled “a vaudeville nightmare” and focusing on a confrontation between a peculiar male duo: an ethically crippled, jingoistic Colonel and a wheelchair-using war veteran named Stubbs - revisits familiar Shepard territory, as well as branching out in new directions. It demonstrates how the playwright interrogates American culture and American identity, especially American masculinity, both reviewing the country’s unsavory past and commenting on its complicit present. Special emphasis in the discussion is placed on Shepard’s preoccupation with the aesthetics of performance and the visual elements of his theatre. The essay addresses the artist’s experimental approach, reflecting upon his creative deployment of dramatic conventions and deliberate deconstruction of American realism.
EN
This article discusses several American texts about the war in Vietnam, paying particular attention to Michael Herr’s memoir Dispatches and Gustav Hasford’s The Short­Timers. Using Paul Fussell’s model of the ironic pattern of war experiences recounted in literary texts authored by soldier-writers, the article argues that the close entanglement of the poetics of fear and a sense of Fussellian irony permeate the representations of the Vietnam War in these, as well as in other American books. The article also attempts to briefly categorise the representations of fear in several narratives of the war.
EN
The purpose of the article was to explain the success of the Vietnamese communists in the wars against the French and then the American forces in strategic terms. The thesis put forward in the article assumes that the Vietnamese revolutionaries understood their military and political strategy better than their opponents because the Vietnamese commanders through the Marxist tradition had assimilated the principles of waging war laid by the Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz. Meanwhile, in the American tradition until the end of the conflict in Vietnam, Clausewitz’s thought, in the lead with the thesis on the interrelationships of war and politics, played a small role in the education of the creators of American strategy, which led to the failure to understand the reasons for their failure. Therefore, better strategic preparation, combined with the material background and the geopolitical situation, determined that the victories of Vietnamese communists were no accident.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie sukcesu wietnamskich komunistów w wojnach z siłami francuskimi, a następnie amerykańskimi w kategoriach strategicznych. Teza postawiona w artykule zakłada, że wietnamscy rewolucjoniści lepiej niż ich przeciwnicy rozumieli annały strategii wojskowej i politycznej, ponieważ wietnamscy dowódcy za pośrednictwem tradycji marksistowskiej przyswoili zasady prowadzenia wojen wyłożone przez pruskiego generała Carla von Clausewitza. Tymczasem w tradycji amerykańskiej aż do zakończenia konfliktu w Wietnamie myśl Clausewitza, na czele z tezą o wzajemnych powiązaniach wojny i polityki odgrywała niewielką rolę w edukacji twórców amerykańskiej strategii, co prowadziło do tego, że nie potrafili zrozumieć oni przyczyn swojej porażki. Dlatego lepsze przygotowanie strategiczne, w połączeniu z zapleczem materialnym i sytuacją geopolityczną zadecydowały o tym, że zwycięstwa wietnamskich komunistów nie były przypadkiem.
EN
During the cold war in the European Theatre of War there were two armed superpowers representing opposing political and military blocs in combat readiness. Yet, a Third World War did not started, the only forms of confrontation were numerous local conflicts. Among them the most important ones were: the Korean War, the Vietnamese War, the war in Afghanistan (1979-1989), and numerous conflicts in Africa and the Middle East, including the conflicts between Israel and Arab countries, particularly the Yom Kippur War. Simplifying it is possible to say that all those conflicts were a kind of armed confrontation between two superpowers without declaring war. They played an important role in shaping the international order in the second half of the 20th century. It is even possible to maintain that during the cold war all those conflicts were a kind of a safety valve. Those conflicts also had an impact on the changes in the military art of the superpowers and the military alliances.
PL
W okresie zimnej wojny na Europejskim Teatrze Wojny stały naprzeciwko siebie w gotowości do rozpoczęcia działań wojennych potężne siły zbrojne dwóch przeciwstawnych mocarstw i bloków polityczno-wojskowych. Do wojny w Europie nie doszło, natomiast polem ich konfrontacji zbrojnej stały się liczne konflikty lokalne. Spośród nich najważniejsze to wojna koreańska, wojna wietnamska, wojna w Afganistanie w latach 1979–1989, a także liczne konflikty na Czarnym Lądzie oraz na Bliskim Wschodzie, w tym konflikt izraelsko-arabski, a zwłaszcza wojna Yom Kippur. Trywializując można uznać niektóre z nich za konfrontację zbrojną dwóch światowych mocarstw bez wypowiedzenia wojny. Odegrały one istotną rolę w kształtowaniu ładu międzynarodowego w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Można nawet zaryzykować stwierdzenie, że w warunkach zimnej wojny konflikty lokalne, w których dochodziło do zaangażowania mocarstw stanowiły swoisty wentyl bezpieczeństwa. Konflikty te wywarły także znaczący wpływ na przemiany w sztuce wojennej zarówno mocarstw, jak i dwóch największych sojuszy wojskowych.
EN
The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, was an event that significantly impacted the ongoing Cold War during the 1960s and 1970s. The conflict was also observed and analyzed in the Polish People’s Republic. Of course, the country’s military institutions paid the greatest attention to the US military presence in South Vietnam, but party elements also took an interest in the situation. In 1966, the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (via the Department of Propaganda and Agitation) prepared and disseminated lecture material concerning the dynamics of the Vietnamese conflict through its provincial party structures. This text is a critical edition of a fragment of a document concerning the military aspects of the war that was taking place at that time. It is not only an attempt to present a Polish People's propaganda way of seeing the Vietnam War, but it also reveals the existence of communist manipulation and the process behind the creation of an ahistorical image of the Vietnamese struggle.
RU
Война во Вьетнаме, также известная как Вторая Индокитайская война, была событием, которое в значительной степени определило ситуацию холодной войны в 1960-х и 1970-х г. Этот вопрос также изучался и анализи ровался на Висле. Конечно, наибольший интерес к военному присутствию США в Южном Вьетнаме вызвали военные факторы Польской Народной Республики, но и партийные факторы также играли здесь свою роль. В 1966 г. отдел пропаганды и агитации ЦК Польской объединенной рабочей партии подготовил и разослал по воеводским структурам лекцию под названием „Замечания к динамике вьетнамского конфликта”. Этот текст представляет собой критическую редакцию фрагмента документа, касающегося милитарных аспектов длящейся в то время войны. Это попытка не только показать восприятие войны во Вьетнаме пропагандой Польской Народной Республики, но еще и раскрыть коммунистические манипуляции и процесс создания собственного – неисторического – образа вьетнамской борьбы.
PL
Wojna w Wietnamie, znana również jako II konflikt indochiński, była wydarzeniem, które w znaczący sposób determinowało sytuację zimnowojenną w latach sześćdziesiątych i siedemdziesiątych XX w. Kwestia ta była również obserwowana i analizowana nad Wisłą. Oczywiście największą uwagę obecność militarna armii Stanów Zjednoczonych w Południowym Wietnamie budziła w czynnikach wojskowych PRL, niemniej jednak również była to problematyka znajdująca się w zasięgu zainteresowania czynników partyjnych. W 1966 r. Wydział Propagandy i Agitacji KC PZPR przygotował i rozesłał po strukturach wojewódzkich partii wykład lektorski pt. Uwagi o dynamice konfliktu wietnamskiego. Niniejszy tekst jest krytyczną edycją fragmentu dokumentu dotyczącą aspektów militarnych toczącej się wówczas wojny. Stanowi próbę ukazania nie tylko sposobu postrzegania wojny wietnamskiej przez propagandę PRL, ale także odsłania komunistyczną manipulację i proces tworzenia własnego – ahistorycznego obrazu wietnamskich zmagań.
PL
W pierwszej części opisana zostaje charakterystyka hipisów. Szczególną uwagę skierowano na początkach ruchu, a także o ideologii, która była przypisana jej członkom. Omówione zostają także charakterystyczne cechy hipisów, zarówno elementy zewnętrzne, jak i wewnętrzne. W trzeciej części uwaga skierowana jest w stronę istotnego elementu hipisowskiej kultury, jakim jest świat muzyczny i świat literatury. Omówione zostają muzyczne inspiracje hipisów. W czwartej części wspomniane zostaje tło polityczne, które było niezwykle istotne dla powstania ruchu. Mowa o wojnie w Wietnamie i protestach, które wybuchły wokół niej. W piątej części opisane jest wielkie, niezapomniane wydarzenie, jakim był festiwal w Woodstock. Na końcu tekstu pojawiają się wnioski z całej działalności hipisów, a także podsumowanie spuściźnie, która po nich pozostała i ideach, które przetrwały po dzień dzisiejszy.
EN
The first part describe characteristic of hippies. Special attention is directed to the beginning of the movement, as well as the ideology, which was attributed to its members. Discussed are also the characteristics of hippies, elements of both external and internal. In the third part, the attention is directed toward an important element of hippie culture, which is the world of music and the world of literature. Discussed are musical inspirations of the hippies. Discussed are also political background (Vietnam War and the protests that erupted around it), which was essential for the emergence of the movement. The fifth part describe memorable event, Woodstock Festival. At the end of the text, there is summary of the legacy that remained after hippies and the ideas that have survived to the present day.
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