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Panna Maria jako generalissima

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EN
In both the Eastern and the Western churches we find miraculous images of the Virgin Mary, which served as shields in battle. In the lands where the Turkish threat was imminent (the Austrian lands and Hungary), the subject of the miraculous intercession of the Virgin Mary in battle comes up quite oþen. This is also the case in the legend associated with the miraculous statue and image in Mariazell and in the case of the cult of the Virgin Mary the Helper — from Passau, where anti-Reformation motifs predominated (as criticism of Hussite iconoclasm and to help repulse the Swedes).
Afryka
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2015
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issue 41
67-80
EN
The cult of Virgin Mary plays an important role in the life of Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Although Ethiopia is one of the eldest Christian realms in the world, information on the Marian cult in Ethiopia before 13th Century are scarce. It seems that the origin of the Marian devotion as we know it today harks back to the reign of king Zar‘a Yā‘qob (1434-1468). Its general features are easily recognizable to someone acquainted with Roman or Eastern Orthodox tradition. This is hardly surprising since the cult of Mary has its roots in early Christianity. However the Ethiopian interpretation of the Virgin has its peculiarities. In Ethiopia Mary is very strongly associated with the Old Testament, which is clearly visible throughout Ethiopic literature. A particularly close affinity is depicted between Mary and the Arc of the Covenant. This affinity has been incorporated into the Ethiopian ideology of power. Apart from the official theological expression promoted by the Church, the Marian cult has its more popular forms.
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OUR LADY OF APARECIDA – THE PATRON OF BRAZIL

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EN
The Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida is located on the road between the two most important cities in south-eastern Brazil – São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and is one of the largest of the Marian sanctuaries in the world. Every year, 12 million people come to this place to honour the Patron of Brazil. It presents a figure of the Black Madonna, which in October 1717, fishermen found in the Paraíba river. The dark colour of the Madonna's skin from Aparecida reminds their descendants of slaves imported to Brazil from Africa. The Brazilians make pilgrimages to their Mother to ask her for help and discover the power of God's love, which is reflected by the motherly love of Our Lady of Aparecida. Arriving at the sanctuary, the faithful find a sense of security, but also experience belonging to a living community of faith. From Mary – the first and perfect disciple of Jesus, they learn the authentic Christian life. In her presence, they strengthen their dignity as children of God and take an attitude of readiness to participate in the mission of transforming this world into the kingdom of God.
EN
Goal of this paper is to make acquaintance with Marian motives in work of master Jan Rokycana. First of all author introduces life story of the hussite archbishop and try to evaluate his personality. In: the second part he analyzes some texts from Rokycana’s Postilla. Conclusion of this paper reflects the topic of mariological thoughts of Jan Rokycana.
EN
The present research addresses matters concerning the relationship between Church and state during the reign of Theodosius II of Rome, analyzing especially the case of legitimization of the imperial authority found in the first half of the fifth century when the Empress Pulcheria tried to identify herself with the Virgin Mary before her subjects in order to further maintain control of the state alongside her brother, Theodosius II. This paper also attempts to connect the problem of the political experiment with the development of a Marian devotion in Constantinople as a solution for pagan cults’ inculturation, reassessing Nestorius’ reaction in parallel with the position of Epiphanius of Salamina.
EN
As the Mother of Jesus, Mather of the Son of God, Virgin Mary is present in the history of salvation: starting from the Old-Testament announcements, through the Bethlehem manger, finishing with the crucifixion on Calvary Hill. The truth is undermined by Jehovah’s Witnes-ses who question the fact that Virgin Mary is the Mother of the Son of God. The author of the paper provokes a substantive discussion with the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ stand, proving that the truth about Mary as the Mother of the Son of God is fully justified in the Holy Scriptures.
PL
Jerzego Nowosielskiego bez wątpienia można nazwać jedną z najważniejszych postaci polskiej sztuki współczesnej. Zbudowanie zaprojektowanej przez siebie cerkwi było największym marzeniem artysty, które udało się zrealizować w 1997 roku w Białym Borze. Artysta w kreowaniu owej cerkwi pod wezwaniem Narodzenia Przenajświętszej Bogurodzicy sięgał przede wszystkim do swojej twórczości, co zaowocowało powstaniem materialnego testamentu malarza, zamkniętego w jednej bryle. W niniejszej pracy staram się wykazać, że świątynia zawiera w sobie nawiązania do takich tematów w malarstwie Nowosielskiego, jak przedstawienia sakralne, abstrakcja, pejzaż, ale również do zabiegów malarskich, rozwiązań architektonicznych czy motywów, które możemy znaleźć w realizacjach artysty. Świątynia jest syntezą artystycznego dorobku malarza, ale i odzwierciedla jego poglądy dotyczące sztuki sakralnej oraz wiary chrześcijańskiej. W moim artykule wykorzystuję analizę ikonograficzną oraz fenomenologiczną przestrzeni świątyni. Nie stosuję podziału na architekturę oraz polichromię, gdyż w tej realizacji są one ze sobą nierozerwalnie scalone i tylko traktowane jako jedno dają możliwość odczytania dzieła jako syntezy twórczości autora.
EN
Jerzy Nowosielski can undoubtedly be called one of the most important figures in Polish contemporary art. Building a church designed by himself was the artist’s greatest dream, which he managed to implement in Biały Bór in 1997. When creating the Greek Catholic church of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the artist drew inspiration mainly from his own works, which resulted in the creation of the painter’s material testament, enclosed in a single solid. In this paper, I attempt to show that the church reveals references to certain themes in Nowosielski’s painting, such as sacred representations, abstraction, landscape, as well as painting measures, architectural solutions or motifs that can be found in the artist’s other implemented projects. Moreover, the church is not only a synthesis of the painter’s artistic output but also a reflection of his views on sacred art and the Christian faith. In my paper, I use both iconographic and phenomenological analysis of the church space. I do not apply a division into architecture and polychrome as in the work in question they are inextricably linked; and only their treatment as a whole makes it possible to experience this work as a synthesis of the artist’s oeuvre.
EN
This study deals with miracles at Marian pilgrimage sites. On the basis of printed pilgrimage books from selected sites — Svatá Hora near Příbram, Stará Boleslav, Hájek near Prague and Tuřany — it shows what types of events were described as miraculous and how people talked about them. It also touches on the role of votive offerings and material objects in miraculous stories.
EN
The Virgin Mary´s esteem was extended in the Middle Ages throughout the entire Christian world. Its content was transferred not only to the liturgy but also to various forms of art. From Hungary there are several manuscripts preserved from the Middle Ages that contain rare monuments – sequences with Marian themes. The poetic texts of these chants combine references to holy scripture, pictures of nature and ordinary life, the revelation of the veneration of the Virgin Mary as the Mother of God and the Queen of Heaven as well as the desire of people to protect her and the requests for her intercessions to her Son for sinners. All of these elements point to the Marian tradition, which was very developed in the territory of what was then Hungary and its main features, typical for the later Middle Ages, reflecting not only religious feelings and expressions, but also the social and existential conditions of that time.
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Kult Maryi Panny został rozszerzony w średniowieczu na cały świat chrześcijański. Wyraźnie zaznaczył się nie tylko w liturgii, ale także w różnych formach sztuki. Do naszych czasów zachowało się kilka średniowiecznych rękopisów węgierskich, zawierających rzadkie zabytki – sekwencje o tematyce maryjnej. Teksty poetyckie tych śpiewów łączą w sobie odniesienia do Pisma Świętego, natury i życia codziennego, Maryi Dziewicy jako Matki Bożej i Królowej Nieba, a także prośby o wstawiennictwo u Jej Syna za grzesznikami. Wszystkie te elementy wskazują na rozwiniętą na terytorium ówczesnych Węgier tradycję maryjną oraz jej główne cechy, typowe dla późnego średniowiecza, odzwierciedlające nie tylko uczucia religijne, ale także społeczne i egzystencjalne uwarunkowania tamtych czasów.
EN
Recent discoveries in the realm of cultural anthropology and social psychology have had repercussions in our interpretation of the New Testament texts and particularly of the Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus (Lk 1-2). The author of this article has attempted to prove that scientific approach and scholarly models should be applied to these texts only in the context of broad theory of their origin and interpretation of the literary meaning. The author has narrowed down the scope of his interest to the presentation of the socio-religious status of Mary in Luke’s account (Lk 1-2). The research has shown how important it was for St. Luke. The final conclusion of the study is very significant and optimistic – presentation of Mary in Lk 1-2 signals the nature of salvation and the standards in the fellowship of God’s people which will be further developed in the next part of the double work of St. Luke (Lk 
– Acts).
EN
The article presents strategies in describing Our Lady in the 16th century text of sermon attributed to Jan of Szamotuły, commonly called Paterek. The description of Mother of God reveals the medieval views on aesthetic issues and shows the common way of thinking about the canons of beauty. The description is performed on the basis of both the theological truths and existing stereotypes. The rhetorical strength of the sermon is enhanced by appealing to religious authorities and to the Bible.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
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2017
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vol. 60
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issue 2
339-350
EN
One of the characteristics of Ethiopian Christian art is the presence of motifs which are relatively rare in other areas of the Christian world. An example of such a motif is the ordeal by bitter water which, according to the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James, Mary had to undergo. This scene, which is very rare in early Christian art, appears in ca. dozen Ethiopian illuminations, most of which come from Gospel manuscripts. The Ethiopian iconography of the scene appears to depend on the early Christian prototypes, however certain elements have been added, in particular some symbols connecting the scene to the Jerusalem Temple. This corresponds to the general trend in Ethiopian Mariology to interpret the figure of Mary through the Old Testament. This perhaps was the main reason to include the scene of the ordeal by bitter water to the Ethiopian Marian iconography.
PL
Jedną z cech sztuki chrześcijańskiej Etiopii jest występowanie motywów ikonograficznych stosunkowo rzadkich w innych obszarach świata chrześcijańskiego. Wynika to między innymi z peryferyjnego położenia Etiopii i specyficznego kontekstu, w jakim rozwijała się tam sztuka religijna. Takim motywem jest między innymi próba gorzkiej wody, której według apokryficznej Protoewangelii Jakuba miała zostać poddana Maryja. Ta bardzo rzadka w sztuce wczesnochrześcijańskiej scena pojawia się ogółem w kilkunastu etiopskich iluminacjach, w większości pochodzących z rękopisów ewangelii. Etiopska ikonografia tej sceny wydaje się zależna od pierwowzorów wczesnochrześcijańskiej, zostały jednak do niej dodane pewne elementy, w szczególności symbole, które jednoznacznie łączą scenę ze Świątynią jerozolimską. Pozostaje to w zgodzie z typową tendencją etiopskiej mariologii to interpretowania postaci Maryi w kontekście Starego Testamentu. Być może to właśnie przesądziło o włączeniu próby gorzkiej wody do etiopskiej ikonografii maryjnej.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2019
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vol. 29
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issue 1
151-163
PL
Ustawodawca w Kodeksie Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r. w czwartym rozdziale księgi drugiej zawarł obowiązki, które obligują zakonników do podejmowania konkretnych działań zarówno w zakresie zewnętrznym, jak i wewnętrznym. Pośród tych z zakresu życia duchowego zakonnika można wyróżnić te, których analiza została podjęta w niniejszym artykule, a więc: kontemplacja i modlitwa, zwracanie myśli ku Bogu i codzienny rachunek sumienia, praktyka corocznego świętego skupienia oraz ukazanie roli Maryi jako wzoru życia osobistego członka instytutu zakonnego. Artykuł zwraca uwagę Czytelnika na fakt, że ustawodawcy kodeksowemu bardzo mocno zależy na tym aspekcie życia zakonnego, ponieważ omówione kwestie znajdują się w początkowych kanonach rozdziału o prawach i obowiązkach zakonników. Ponadto zwrócenie uwagi na te aspekty życia zakonnego także w innych dokumentach Kościoła świadczy o ich randze. Poznanie myśli prawodawcy w tym względzie z pewnością pozwoli na jeszcze lepszą realizację zadań realizowanych przez zakonników, które wynikają z ich życia duchowego.
EN
In the Code of Canon Law, book II, chapter IV, a legislator included duties, which oblige religious to maintain specific actions in both external and internal fields. Among the actions from a field of spiritual life, some of them are analyzed in this paper and may be highlighted, i.e. contemplation and prayer, conversion of the soul toward God and daily conscience examination, a practice of annual period of sacred retreat and picturing the Virgin Mother of God as a model of personal life of a member of religious institute. This paper points out, that this aspect of religious life is very important for the legislator, because the discussed questions are placed in the first canons of the chapter which refers to the rights and duties of religious. Moreover, other documents of the Church also point out on these aspects of religious life and that proofs their significance. The cognition of the legislator’s idea in this aspect, would surely allow the religious to fulfill better their tasks, which emerge from their spiritual life.
EN
Artykuł dotyczy znaczenia, jakie w religijności i ideologii władzy w ottońskiej Rzeszy miało święte dziewictwo. Zwraca uwagę na jego szczególną rolę w budowaniu autorytetu ludzi Kościoła obojga płci, a także pozycji władczyni. Pokazuje, że właśnie w kontekście dziewictwa należy rozumieć szczególne związki łączące ich z Marią Panną, traktowaną jako pierwsza ze świętych dziewic i ich królowa. Towarzyszy temu pytanie o związek dziewictwa z płcią, a więc o jego znaczenie tak w duchowości mężczyzn i kobiet, jak i w proponowanych im wzorach świętości. The article focuses on the importance of holy virginity for the devotion and ideology of power in the Ottonian Reich. The author pays attention to its special role in establishing the authority of people of the Church, of both genders, and the position of the queen. He demonstrates that it is in the very context of the virginity that their special relationship with the Virgin Mary should be understood, for she was regarded as the first of the holy virgins and their queen. This is accompanied by the question about the relation between virginity and gender, and thus about its significance for the spirituality of men and women as well as models of sanctity offered to them.
PL
Życie i działalność bł. P.G. Frassatiego bez wątpienia wskazuje na dar i tajemnicę Eucharystii. To właśnie sakrament Eucharystii był motorem działania włoskiego studenta, miłośnika górskich wypraw, a nade wszystko człowieka bez reszty oddanego ubogim i chorym – Apostoła Miłosierdzia. Pobożność eucharystyczna staje się źródłem rozumnej służby Bożej. „Jezus przychodzi do mnie w Komunii świętej każdego dnia, a ja Mu się odwdzięczam za to w dostępny mi sposób, odwiedzając Jego biedaków”. Pier Giorgio pokazał nam, że można kochać życie ze wszystkimi treściami, zadaniami i problemami, jakie niesie, a jednocześnie kierować się ku Bogu, który jest naszym odwiecznym celem.
EN
The author shows how the life of the blessed P.G. Frassati reveals the gift and mystery of the Eucharist. It was the grace of the Eucharist that gave him the motivation to act. This Italian student and lover of mountain expeditions was totally devoted to the disadvantaged and the sick; he was an apostle of divine mercy. Eucharistic devotion becomes the source of logiké latria. “Every day Jesus comes to me in Holy Communion and I must repay Him in whatever way I can by visiting His poor”. Despite the difficult tasks and problems that life involves, Pier Giorgio proved that it is possible to love it, keeping always in mind the long-term aim of drawing closer to God.
EN
Blessed Jerzy Matulewicz, created an original conception of Christian formation, irrespective of age and education level. It was addressed to his renewed Congregation of Marian Fathers, and thus, indirectly, to the laypersons among whom they were to work. Basically, it consisted in attaining the unity of body, mind, and spirit. To this end, he envisaged a combination of the Marian and the Pauline charisma, spirituality and apostolate, simplicity and the radicalism of the Gospel, love and commitment. In this way, a new man (homo Dei) comes into existence, whose desire is to see God (visio Dei). This aim may be achieved through sanctifying grace and asceticism. Without this spiritual work assisted by God’s grace it is impossible to be pleasing to God, that is to become a saint.
PL
Wschód chrześcijański jest niezwykle zróżnicowany. Niektóre Kościoły chrześcijańskiego Wschodu wypracowały rozbudowaną sztukę ikonograficzną wraz z teorią tej sztuki, a inne tego nie uczyniły. Kościół Konstantynopolitański wypracował wzorce w dziedzinie ikonografii, także maryjnej. Bizantyjskie ikony maryjne można podzielić na cztery grupy: (1) święta maryjne; (2) ikony teologiczne; (3) ikony symboliczne; (4) ikony liturgiczne. Cechą charakterystyczną ikon teologicznych jest skupienie się na więzi Maryi i Chrystusa (Boga). Do tych ikon należą typy: Kyriotissa, Hodegetria, Eleusa, Platytera. Są to najważniejsze, podstawowe ikony Maryi omówione w artykule.
EN
The Christian East is extremely diverse. Some Churches of the Christian East have developed extensive iconographic art along with the theory of this art, while others have not. The Church of Constantinople developed patterns in the field of iconography, including Marian iconography. Byzantine Marian icons can be divided into four groups: (1) Marian feasts; (2) theological icons; (3) symbolic icons; (4) liturgical icons. A characteristic feature of theological icons is the focus on the close relationship between Mary and Christ (God). These icons include the types: Kyriotissa, Hodegetria, Eleusa, Platytera. These are the most important basic icons of Mary discussed in the article.
Lud
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2023
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vol. 107
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issue 1
202-222
PL
W artykule przedstawiamy, w jaki sposób figura Maryi – matki Jezusa - funkcjonuje jako ważny element religii przeżywanej wśród współczesnych muzułmańskich i katolickich matek w Polsce. Opierając się na analizie wywiadów pogłębionych i danych obserwacyjnych dowodzimy, że Maryja uznawana jest za religijny ideał i wzór do naśladowania zarówno przez matki wyznające Islam, jak i matki katolickie. Śledzimy podobieństwa i różnice w refleksywnym zaangażowaniu wyznawczyń obu religii w idee, symbole i nakazy związane z Maryją oraz omawiamy, w jaki sposób religijne matki konstruują tę postać na nowo przypisując jej spersonalizowane znaczenia: przyjmując niektóre tradycyjne atrybuty Maryi, kwestionując lub odrzucając inne, a także tworząc nowe znaczenia mocno osadzone we własnych codziennych doświadczeniach macierzyńskich.
EN
In this paper, we demonstrate how the figure of the Virgin Mary functions as an important element of the lived religion of contemporary Catholic and Muslim mothers in Poland. Based on the analysis of in-depth interviews and observational data we argue that the figure of Mary is recognized as a religious ideal and a role model by mothers identifying with both religions. We trace similarities and differences between Catholic and Muslim mothers in their reflexive engagement with ideas, symbols, and prescriptions attached to Mary and discuss how they reinvent the figure and ascribe it with personalised meanings: embrace some of the traditional attributes of Mary, challenge, and contest others, and construct new meanings firmly embedded in their daily life mothering experiences.
EN
The theology of the nation is a section of theology, that describes its histo-ry in the light of Christian faith. Its essence consists in appealing both to God and to the activity of the nation in the world as Christian witness. Theology of a na-tion grows out of the event of baptism, which influences the morality of society, politics, social issues, culture and economy. Baptism is the foundation of national identity and encourages the construction of a world in which Christian values are taken into account. Theology of the Polish nation was developed the mainly during the time of the „partitions”, when Poland ceased to exist as an independent state. In spite of this circumstance, the nation survived, thanks to its faith in God and its wil-lingness to cooperate effectively with him in order to regain his independence. The Mother of Jesus, who was named Queen of Poland, who taught Poles the love of the homeland and reconciliation of her children, was an aid to the oppressed nation.During the partitions, a valuable role in regaining the independence by Poland was played by the artists, who were interpreting the history of Poland in the light of the Bible and its message. In this way, they created a spark of hope, so that the overwhelming darkness that fell on the nation do not obscure the pursuit of freedom. In the 20th century, when the nation experienced occupation – first, German, and then Soviet – the Poles were given great spiritual leaders: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński and John Paul II are an example of wisdom and courage in le-ading the nation towards independence.The experience of Poland confirms that in the nation the most important is the spirit that gives its inhabitants strength and power. When the nation calls on God, he will endure the most painful torments. The strength of the spirit guaran-tees the spiritual development of the community, stimulates action and releases hope for a better future. In modern times, the Polish nation finds it in the message of God's mercy.
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