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Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2021
|
vol. 112
|
issue 1
219-229
PL
Artykuł recenzyjny jest poświęcony książce Małgorzaty Litwinowicz-Droździel „Zmiana, której nie było. Trzy próby czytania Reymonta” (2019), będącej propozycją nowego spojrzenia na trzy utwory Władysława Stanisława Reymonta z lat dziewięćdziesiątych XIX wieku: „Pielgrzymkę do Jasnej Góry”, „Fermenty” oraz „Ziemię obiecaną”. Litwinowicz-Droździel osadziła te dzieła w szerokich kontekstach kulturoznawczych i wykorzystała do refleksji nad przemianami modernizacyjnymi na ziemiach polskich pod koniec XIX wieku. Zaproponowany przez nią model lektury ukazuje Reymonta jako pisarza na wskroś nowoczesnego i przełamuje utrwalone schematy interpretowania jego twórczości.
EN
The review paper is devoted to Małgorzata Litwinowicz-Droździel’s „Zmiana, której nie było. Trzy próby czytania Reymonta” (“The Change That Was Not. Three Attempts at Reading Reymont”, 2019), a proposal of a new view on Władysław Stanisław Reymont’s three pieces composed in 1890s, namely “Pielgrzymka do Jasnej Góry” (“A Pilgrimage to Jasna Góra”), “Fermenty” (“Ferments”), and “Ziemia obiecana” (“The Promised Land”). Litwinowicz-Droździel sets the works in a broad cultural studies contexts and employs them to reflect on the modernising changes that took place in Poland towards the end of the 19th century. The reading model that she suggests depicts Reymont as a thoroughly modern writer and violates the accepted modes of interpreting his work.
PL
Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest historii archiwum łódzkiego adwokata Witolda Kotowskiego (1899–1988), zasobu zawierającego ważne materiały do życia i twórczości Władysława Stanisława Reymonta, ale wskutek niefortunnych losów nigdy właściwie niewyeksplorowanego. Na podstawie zgromadzonych źródeł, przede wszystkim unikatowych odpisów korespondencji, Kotowski napisał monografię „Reymonta droga do Nobla”, która jednak nie została opublikowana. Po jego śmierci, gdy kolekcja przeszła w ręce prywatne, z dokumentów korzystała wyłącznie Barbara Kocówna. Materiał źródłowy zużytkowała pobieżnie i często błędnie w kilku pracach wydanych po roku 2000, śladowo odnotowując fakt czerpania ze zbiorów. W drugiej części artykułu omówiono zawartość archiwum. Obecnie znajduje się ono w Bibliotece Akademii Humanistyczno-Ekonomicznej w Łodzi i stanowi zaledwie część dawnego zbioru. Chociaż zachowało się we fragmentach, nadal zawiera wiele bezcennych reymontianów, zwłaszcza nigdzie niepublikowane odpisy listów Reymonta oraz listów do niego kierowanych. Tę dokumentacyjną i dotąd niewyzyskaną wartość przedstawiono na przykładzie korespondencji pisarza ze Zdzisławem Dębickim.
EN
The first part of the paper refers to the history of an archive of a Łódź’s attorney Witold Kotowski (1899–1988), a collection of essential materials of Władysław Stanisław Reymont’s life and output, which, due to unfortunate history, has never been extensively explored. As based on the collated sources—mostly unique copies of letters—Kotowski wrote a monograph “Reymonta droga do Nobla” (“Reymont’s Way to the Nobel Prize”), which has never been published. After Kotowski’s death the documents became private property and it was only Barbara Kocówna who accessed it. Her research, however, was poor and often mistaken in several works published after the year 2000, with scanty information that she had used the resource. The second part of the paper contains the archive’s description. Currently, it is found in the Library of the University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź, but it makes up only a small part of the original assemblage. Though fragmentary, it nonetheless includes many priceless Reymontiana, especially never before published copies of Reymont’s letters and of the ones directed to him. Such documentation and its value, the advantage of which to this day has not been taken, is exemplified in Reymont’s correspondence with Zdzisław Dębicki.
EN
Both novels analysed in the article (Władysław Reymont’s Vampire written at the beginning of the 20th century and contemporary Apokryf Agłai by Jerzy Sosnowski) present the fall of a man seduced by a demonic woman. Daisy (a vampire) and Lilka¬ Agłaja (a cyborg) are capable, due to their dangerous beauty, of destroying men’s careers, family life, hapiness and sanity. In these texts femininity is traditionally described as something monstrous and dangerous. A psychoanalytical reading (which follows Klein and Freud) leads to a categorization of the sources of such stereotypical images. The mental states of the characters, as described in both novels, are very similar. The regressive symptoms are highlighted – men’s psyches regress to the paranoid and schizoid state, where primary mechanisms of defence seem to dominate. The images of the femme fatale are influenced by the projection of a split, negative object. They aim at preventing an object from final destruction. The author of the article creates a hypothesis that patriarchal culture influences the defence strategies used by the heroes of both novels. Pariarchal culture represses men that show weakness and denies them the right to be called men. However, it accepts weaknesses when they are disguised as misogynistic attitudes. If a man cannot accept weakness, as belonging to him, he must make a woman responsible for it (even on the level of subconscious defence strategies).
EN
This study is an edition of two unpublished letters by Władysław Reymont from January and May 1895. Both epistolary testimonies, related to the writer’sjourney to Italy, significantly expand our knowledge of the relatively early period in his literary biography.
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IT
L’articolo racconta il viaggio italiano dell’anno 1895 di Władysław Stanisław Reymont, pubblicato in una raccolta di corrispondenze intitolata Dalle Impressioni italiane. Appunti. Il testo rivela il suo fascino per l’Italia, ma anche il sogno del giovane autore di diventare uno scrittore polacco.
EN
The article tells about the Italian journey of Władysław Stanisław Reymont in 1895, published as a series of correspondence entitled “The Italian Impressions. Notes”. The text reveals his fascination with Italy, but also the young author’s dream to become a Polish writer.
PL
Artykuł opowiada o podróży włoskiej W.S. Reymonta w 1895 roku, opublikowanej jako cykl korepondencji pt. Z wrażeń włoskich. Notatki . Tekst ujawnia fascynację Italią, ale także marzenie młodego autora, by stać się polskim pisarzem.     
EN
The aim of this research is to estimate the degree of dialect untranslatability in audiovisual translation (AVT). Polish regiolects may constitute a significant barrier to interlingual transfer. The problems with non-standard varieties of a language, which are frequently incomprehensible even to native speakers of their standard counterparts, can be overcome by means of, inter alia, explanatory periphrastic substitution added to the translated text. In the method of subtitling examined in this research, however, a translation of this kind is nearly impossible due to the broadly defined aesthetics of film (e.g. time and space constraints frequently applied to the mode of AVT). Therefore, this article examines the hypothesis of dual constraint, which assumes a two-fold hindrance to a successful AV dialect transfer (i.e. the lack of equivalents in the target language and the aforementioned aesthetic requirements of film). The corpus of the material researched here is based on the English subtitles for the screen adaptation of Chłopi — a Nobel Prize-winning novel written by Władysław Stanisław Reymont (The Peasants; PolArt Video 2006). This article provides the theoretical background for the subsequent study as well as introduces its own classification of the translation techniques (applicable to this particular piece of research as well as to other AV dialect transfers). The research part focuses on the research proper. The findings are briefly summarised and conclusions are drawn.
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