For a long time women were hidden in curriculum of history subject that focused mainly on the public domain. Undoubtedly women have played an important role in history. This article examines women’s history and a narrative in history textbooks currently used in the Slovak Republic and introduces some examples from other countries.
Women began to come in the intellectual professions in large numbers after World War I. Until then the most numerous group was formed by teachers. At the turn of 19th and 20th century, physician, pharmacist and teacher were on the increase. After the First World War, women have penetrated also into science, first into medicine. Lawyers had the greatest difficulties in finding employment. The situation improved after several interventions of women’s organizations in the early thirties of the 20th century. However, stereotypical thinking and fear of men from qualified female competition still persisted and saw the woman primarily as wife and mother.
The contribution focuses on identification of Bulgarian living in the territory of Slovakia. It deals with the symbol of “being Bulgarian”, ethnicity, place of birth, and personal experiences. Basic ethno-cultural issues such as Bulgaria as a state or territory, Bulgarian language, material things, traditional cuisine, Bulgarian festivals are the target of our research. From realised interviews the author selected those opinions and impressions, which are connected with studied topic.
The movement away from the democratic political principles of the Czechoslovak state during the period of autonomy and after the declaration of the Slovak State was also reflected in changes in the status of Slovak women in the political and social life of the country. This study focuses on the restriction and limitation of the education of girls and women in the wartime Slovak Republic. A very common argument for this policy of the Slovak conservative ruling elites was to achieve an idealized image of the Slovak woman as mother and housewife and to solve the social problems of the new State.
The article is devoted to the creation and functioning of the museum collection of the History and Philology Faculty of the Bestuzhev Courses, connected with the educational and scientific activities of the girl-students. The author analyses archival and published sources on the history of the educational institution. The problem of staging seminars on the history of art is considered from the practical point of view, as they allowed scientists in pre-revolutionary Russia to acquire the necessary vocational training for the first graduated women.
The paper analyses women’s representation at the local level in Slovakia, or at the level of all (almost three thousand) Slovak municipalities, respectively. We focus on determinants of women’s descriptive representation in mayoral offices and how various factors (socioeconomic, cultural, or political) affect women’s political representation at this level. The main findings of the paper are that education or cultural factors (Catholicism and share of the population with Hungarian nationality) had only very limited effect on women’s representation, in contrast to the much stronger negative effect of the municipality size, which significantly decreased number of women in the position of Slovak mayors. However, we show that the strongest effect on women’s chances to be elected to the position of the mayor is whether women held mayoral post in a given municipality in a previous electoral term. This factor strongly favours women in following mayoral elections and at the same time it explained almost all variance in the dependent variable.
The life beyond the borders of mother land brings a lot of changes. It changes identities of the individual persons, the way of identification with their own home and constructions of its meanings. In this paper the author deals with analysing the home meanings of Slovak women migrants living in ethnically mixed marriages in London. By analysis of research data gathered from interviews with respondents she outlines how ideas about home have shaped during their migration process. In the traditional sense home is understood as territorial place. Currently, for which migration is a reality, the emerging awareness about new global facts, which influence perceptions of home of migrants uprooted from mother homeland. This awareness is built on de-territorial basis, through the memories and those places that migrants currently do not or cannot inhabit. The aim of her contribution will uncover the essential internal mechanisms which are activated by creating images of home of her respondents and their imaginations connected with coming back to their mother land.
Following article describes organization of specialized schools for women stated in Normal Organizational Statute of Specialized Schools for Female Professions in 1922 and 1934. It described instructions about the administration, teachers and students.
This article outlines the development of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ organizational structure since 1918. It is emphasing the participation of women in the Ministry.
The aim of the study presented in this paper was to investigate an association between womens' temperament and chronotype and the time chosen for physical activity. One hundred and eleven women aged from 18 to 55 were participated in present research. The Formal Characteristics of Behavior - Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI) was used to measure temperament features. To assess kind of chronotype all participants completed Horne-Östberg's Morningness-Eveningness Questionaire, named the Rhythm of Daily Activity Questionnaire (KRAD) in Polish version. The data analysis has shown that morning types were more brisk (Tau Kendall = 0, 17; p = 0,01), less perseverative (Tau Kendall = - 0,20; p = 0,00) and more sensory sensitive (Tau Kendall = 0,15; p = 0,03) when compared with evening types. There was also negative correlation between perseveration and the result in KRAD in the group of women who chose physical fitness activity in the morning (Tau Kendall = - 0,28; p = 0,01) and positive correlation between briskness and the result in KRAD in the group of women who chose physical fitness activity in the evening (Tau Kendall = 0,20; p = 0,03).
Single professional women (single, educated women with good jobs) have become a growing social group not only in Poland but also all over the world. The article presents this phenomenon and points to its causes in our country and, additionally, places it in a broader, global context. Results of qualitative research, mainly in the form of interviews conducted by the authoress, were used in the analysis of the phenomenon in Poland.
The main purpose of the study was to investigate whether self-regulatory expectations, volition properties, emotions, and coping with stress contribute to the prediction of eating behavior change in overweight women who participated in weight-reduction program. One hundred and six overweight women aged 35-55 years - (average BMI=32.01) participated in three waves of the study, before the implementation of the weight-reduction program, 2 and 6 months later. Six measures were employed: Eating Behaviours Questionnaire, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Life Orientation Test, Kuhl's Action Control Scale, State-Trait Personality Inventory and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. The participants changed their eating behaviors (they reduced tendency to overeating and body weight). The findings support the crucial role of self-regulatory personal resources, namely coping, emotions, expectations and volitional properties in eating behavior change.
The article covers the topic of women's migration from poorer countries to the so called First World to provide domestic work and care giving. On the one hand, their movement is caused by the demand for domestic labor in rich countries where double career couples resolve the dilemma of reconciliation of public and private spheres by externalization of domestic work. On the other hand, the supply is significant. Migration and provision of domestic service is often the only survival strategy available to women from developing countries due to high unemployment and few working opportunities. The practice of hiring a migrant as domestic worker creates global care chains (Hochschild, 2001) that connect women engaged in care giving - those who are postponing it and those who are providing it. Migrant women hold an unequal position in these chains. They comprise a cheap labor in the informal private sector and so are vulnerable to abusive treatment. To tackle such discrimination, the patriarchal system stereotyping both women's and men's roles has to be challenged on the both sides of the care chain: in the developed as well developing countries.
The regime of the first Slovak Republic saw Slovak woman mainly as a mother whose place was in the household. The main duty of a woman was to take care of a household, husband and to raise children. The education and upbringing supposed to prepare girls for this role. The vocational school for women in Nitra provided a general and special education for a family. For example the school provided a study of housework such as tailoring clothes and it was also preparation for the higher level of education of women vocational schools. This kind of education was considered the most appropriate for women. This contribution depicts the activity, organization, aims and tasks of the public vocational school for women in Nitra in 1939-1945.
The current cultural definition of female beauty is a source of pressure placed on women to attain extremely thin figures. Incorporation of this standard into how a woman thinks she should look, a desire to attain it and engagement in appearance-invested behaviours refer to the construct of thin-ideal internalization. Three prominent socio-cultural theories of the development of eating disorders propose the impact of internalization of the thin ideal on body image. These are: the socio-cultural model of eating disorders, the tripartite influence model and the objectification theory. Thin-ideal internalization is a widely recognized risk factor in eating disorders in women. Kraemer´s typology of risk factors provides clarification of the terms correlate, fixed marker, variable risk factor, variable marker and causal risk factor for the certain outcome.
The article deals with the issue of immigrants' assimilation into an urban space which is for them at once alien and their own. Stefania Kossowska's collection of essays from London allows just such a look at the so-called Polish London. It also allows an initiation of a discussion of numerous important issues related to the interaction between the city, history, and cultures of its inhabitants
The article discusses six women’s testaments from 1509 registered in the first book of the consistory in Pułtusk, which covers the years 1506-1518. The first part presents the testators’ social status and family situation. Three of the testators were noblewomen, two were burghers, in one case the testament does not specify the testator’s social class. Three of the women were married, two were widowed and one was a spinster; none of the testaments mentions any offspring. The testaments were analysed according to a questionnaire based on the fixed elements of such documents, which included: the title and invocation, the time, place and circumstances of drawing up the testament, lists of witnesses and executors, entrusting one’s soul and body, and instructions concerning one’s property. With little exceptions, the testaments discussed followed the above scheme. All but one contain a title and invocation, which specify the testator’s place of residence, adding the formula In nomine Domini Amen. All specify the time of writing the document, although the actual formulations differ. In one case, when the testament was drawn up by a notary summoned to the testator’s house, the text specifies the year of the present pope’s pontificate and the hour of its writing. Only three of the testaments name the place where they were drawn up, but all of them specify the circumstances. It is always stressed that the testators are facing death or disease; in four cases it is mentioned that the aim is to prevent disagreements between inheritors. The witnesses were usually chosen among the testator’s equals; in one case only a noblewoman’s testament was authenticated by a peasant. The witnesses and executors were relatives or neighbours, and the executors usually also had a share in the inheritance, which may have influenced their efficiency. All the testaments contain a short formula of entrusting one’s soul, but only four mention funeral arrangements. The testators were primarily concerned about legacies. Particularly important were pious legacies, which are included in five of the testaments. They were aimed at paying for exequies and Gregorian masses, and the beneficiaries were usually the testators’ parish churches. Other legacies were meant for relatives, and sometimes servants and friends. All the legacies were left to people living within a close distance of the testators (up to 20 km). The testaments described did not yet have a very elaborate form, also in comparison to men’s last wills from the same year. Only one contained a list of the debts owned by and to the testator, only one included an elaborate dating formula specifying the hour of its drawing up, only half of them specified the place where they were written down, not all contained instructions about the body. Each of them, however, reveals interesting details from the testator’s life and helps to find out what people and institutions were particularly close to her.
It is commonly held among specialists on ancient Near East that women in ancient Israel did not have much space in official public sphere. However, biblical texts witness to their special role as mourners. This paper presents some terminological considerations regarding the mourning women as presented in the Hebrew Bible (esp. Jer 9,16-21), the rituals that accompanied mourning, and the meaning of these women for society. Furthermore, the paper considers the role of the mourning women in the cultic life (Ez 8,14). Finally, a particular attention will be paid to Ritzpah, a special case of a mourning woman in the Bible (2 Sam 21,1-14).
Skala i artystyczna ranga lirycznych wypowiedzi kobiet na przełomie XIX i XX wieku jest zjawiskiem bez precedensu w historii polskiej literatury. Więcej nawet, trudno znaleźć by było sytuację analogiczną w którejkolwiek z literatur europejskich tamtego czasu. Stało się to konsekwencją faktu, że druga fala emancypacji w Polsce znalazła swój wyraz przede wszystkim w literaturze. O ile XIX-wieczny pozytywizm dopominał się o prawo do wykształcenia i pracy, modernizm (czy też wczesna jego faza) emancypował kobietę jako świadomy podmiot kultury. Wiersze piszą wówczas takie autorki, jak Bronisława Ostrowska, Kazimiera Zawistowska, Maryla Wolska, Maria Komornicka, Zofia Trzeszczkowska. W poezji tej wyróżniła się kilka zasadniczych tematów, obejmujących doświadczenia egzystencjalne, jakie dostępne są wyłącznie kobietom, bądź przeżywane są na kobiecy sposób. Zapisanie w wierszach doświadczenia ciała było znakiem rewolty obyczajowej (i językowej) przeciwko ciążącym konwenansom, było też znakiem zyskiwanej somatycznej samoświadomości, niekiedy jednak prowadzącej na granice lęku (u Ostrowskiej), czy też prowokujące sytuację utraty płciowej tożsamości (u Komornickiej). Doświadczenie świata byłoby efektem ekstrawertyzmu kobiecej natury, skłonnej rysy feministyczne przypisywać zarówno światu, jak i Bogu. Doświadczenie macierzyństwa w lirykach Ostrowskiej wyrażone zostało w oksymoronicznym zespoleniu skrajnych uczuć – radości, szczęścia oraz strachu, fizycznego bólu; przede wszystkim jednak zyskało wymowę religijną, odsłaniając prawo wiecznego odradzania się życia, ciągłego zmartwychwstania. Doświadczenie upływającego czasu pozwoliło poetkom na Proustowski sposób wywołać z pamięci obrazy, ocalające minione miłości i minionych ludzi. Doświadczenie przeczuwanej śmierci skłaniało do dojrzałej autorefleksji, rozmów ze sobą, z cieniami przeszłości, z Bogiem. Śmierć była odbierana jako wyciszenie, odpoczynek po bolesnych doświadczeniach życia, dający też, jak u Wolskiej, pewność nieśmiertelności, poczucie raju odzyskanego, jak u Komornickiej. Młodopolskie autorki pełnym literackim głosem wypowiedziały swoją kobiecość, odmienność, zapowiadając teksty zrewoltowanych pisarek XX wieku (Nałkowskiej, Pawlikowskiej-Jasnorzewskiej, a zwłaszcza Świrszczyńskiej i Poświatowskiej).
EN
The scale and significance of the lyrical output of women at the turn of the 20th century is unprecedented in the history of Polish literature. Indeed, it would be difficult to find its analogue in any European literature of the time. The reason for this state of affairs is that the second wave of emancipation was manifested in Poland above all in literature. If the 19th-century positivism strived for the right to education and work, modernism emancipated the woman as a conscious subject of culture. The active poets of the period include: Bronislawa Ostrowska, Kazimiera Zawistowska, Maryla Wolska, Maria Komornicka and Zofia Trzeszczkowska. The author has distinguished several topics connected with existential experiences either accessible only to women or lived through and understood in woman-like ways. A record of bodily experiences was a manifestation of a social revolt against conventions and of the development of a fuller self-awareness, which was ready to ascribe feminine attributes to the world and to God. The experience of motherhood in Ostrowska's lyrical poetry was expressed in the oxymoronic juxtaposition of extreme feelings: joy, happiness, fear and physical pain; above all, however, it acquired a religious meaning by revealing the law of the eternal rebirth of life, an everlasting resurrection. The female poets of Young Poland gave a full literary voice to their feminine distinctiveness, anticipating the writings of the revolutionary women authors of the 20th century (Nalkowska, Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, but especially Swirszczynska and Poswiatowska).
Społeczeństwa bałkańskie, zróżnicowane politycznie, etnicznie i religijnie, cechuje długotrwałe napięcie wywołane tym, że funkcjonowały one na styku przenikających się nawzajem i skazanych na bliski kontakt kultur. Kobiety Innego były dla mężczyzn wiecznym wyzwaniem, co znajduje odzwierciedlenie w pieśniach epickich. Najbardziej jaskrawo objawia się to na samej granicy różnych wiar. Porwanie cudzej kobiety na granicy uważane było za czyn heroiczny, który przynosił sławę porywaczowi. Nienawiść do przedstawicieli innej wiary objawia się w porwaniu z ich społeczności najpiękniejszych kobiet, ich przywłaszczeniu i nawróceniu na swoją wiarę. Kobiety Innego zdobywano przemocą, podstępem lub za ich zgodą, która potrafiła przezwyciężyć granicę religijnej nietolerancji. Najsilniejsi wojownicy pragnęli posiąść najpiękniejsze kobiety Innego.
EN
Balkan societies, diversified in the political, ethnic and religious sense, are characterized by long-lasting tensions resulting from mutual influences of geographically close cultures. As manifested in epic songs, THE OTHERS' women have always been a challenge to men, which is especially pronounced at the 'meeting places' of different religions. At these borderline terrains, kidnapping someone else's woman was seen as a heroic deed, bringing fame to the kidnapper. The hatred towards representatives of other religions was manifested in kidnapping their most beautiful women, claiming them as one's own possession and converting them to one's own faith. THEIR women were kidnapped by force, tricks or through their own consent, thanks to which religious intolerance could be overcome. The strongest warriors desired to take possession of the most beautiful women of THE OTHERS.
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