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Geograficzny bieg dziejów

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Wilczyński P. L.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
65-77
EN
The expression „geographical course of history”, currently seen as old-fashioned or obsolete, seems to be typical in geographical works of Nałkowski. It combines two fields that were very close to him just from the very beginning of his scientific career: geography, to which he has devoted his whole life, and history, which was for him a source of information necessary to explain the diversity of landscapes. The origins of the concept can be found in works of German geographer, educator and philosopher Ernst Christian Kapp, which were poorly known in the Russian language area. Nałkowski had an opportunity to acknowledge Kapp’s instructions during his studies in Leipzig. The scholar wrote about three political-geographical circles of culture (germ. Political-geographische Kulturkreise), which also correspond with the stages in the development of civilization. For Nałkowski „the geographical course of history” is a specific point of view on history. Its essence is the movement of global (political and economic) center of civilization in three successive stages of social evolution. The first stage is connected with the great rivers of the ancient East, the second corresponds with the classical Greece and Rome (the Mediterranean), and the third is the period of dominance of the so-called West (the Atlantic stage). The Atlantic stage was to be replaced with the Pacific stage, before the advent of the global era. From the dawn of history until today the center of civilization shifted westward and this direction is the constant element of the concept. The article includes the results of empirical, geo-strategic and macroeconomic research, which confirm the validity of Nałkowski’s predictions. His concept became an inspiration not only to historians of civilization such as Feliks Koneczny and Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, but also indirectly influenced the well-known theories of George Modelski, Peter Taylor and Samuel Huntington.
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Publikacje Wacława Nałkowskiego w zbiorach muzeum im. Zofii i Wacława Nałkowskich w Wołominie

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Kubacz M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
52-56
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Wacław Nałkowski jako prekursor konstruktywistycznego podejścia do edukacji geograficznej

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Sadoń-Osowiecka T.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
78-89
EN
Although the very term “constructivism” appeared rather recently, its concept was knownin science long before now. According to modern cognitive psychology, the reality is created individually in person’s mind. An individual transforms and interprets the flow of information which he receives in his own way, depending on cultural, social, biological or situational context. Nałkowski’s statements concerning perception and thinking from the beginning of the twentieth century, connected with the idea of “rational geography”, were mainly based on intuition, but can serve as the evidence of his broad psychological and pedagogical competence. They see m to be conformable with the principles of constructivism and can be useful nowadays, especially in approaches relative to the so-called emancipatory pedagogy. The main objective of the paper is to assess the Nałkowski’s principles of geographical teaching from the point of view of the concept of constructivism as the modern educational approach.
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Twórczość i kontekst ideologiczny w poglądach Wacława Nałkowskiego

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Wilczyński K.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
42-46
EN
Nałkowski lived in times of rapid transformation of civilization and during the period of ideological ferment, in a colonized country which at that time was Poland. Clearly disappointed with social and political reality, he turned his interest towards the trendy socialist ideas, seeing in them the hope for improving the living conditions of the society. The discerning analysis of the Nałkowski’s Social Writings (ed. 1951), allowed the author to assess the influence of the intellectual atmosphere on his activities and views. Although Nałkowski was a supporter of modern ideas, such as evolution, his intellectual independence and strength were the reason why he never became political activist. Moreover, he refused to join socialist movements and organizations. His ideological position and uncompromising character as well as the controversial, typical for him way of expressing opinions and views caused, that he was excluded from the political circles and condemned to an existence outside of academia, and often on the margins of intellectual life.
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Co zostało z idei jedności geografii?

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Wilczyński W.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
135-146
EN
Trying to analyze and assess particular scientific, educational and philosophical concepts of Wacław Nałkowski, one should not lose sight of what is his greatest achievement, what was his main concern and care throughout all his scientific career. It is the idea of geography as an autonomous and coherent science, covering the whole of reality that is perceived and experienced in the course of the everyday life. Among the contemporary Polish geographical circles there are very limited number of scholars who are inclined to understand and accept this fairly simple idea. It was demonstrated thanks to the current debate conducted in the pages of Polish scientific journals, and especially the polemics between Jerzy Bański and Zbigniew Rykiel. Understanding of some key notions by particular disputants showed to be so different, that it prevents effective agreement. In spite of that, they both seem to suggest that the idea of the unity of geography is harmful and should be abandoned. Like the most of geographers, they see no need for the unity of geography, or set their hope for its reintegration on unifying of human and physical geographies. The article presents the arguments in the light of which such position must be recognized incorrect mainly due to the fact, that the disputants utilize the elements of colloquial speech instead of the exact philosophical meaning of such terms like the unity and identity (with reference to geography of course). Therefore, the conclusion tells that the idea of disintegration geography synonymous with its liquidation is definitely premature in the face of the great potential contained in the classical geographical concepts, represented also by Wacław Nalkowski.
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Rodzinny i społeczny kontekst twórczości Wacława Nałkowskiego

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Kubacz M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
11-30
EN
The author reveals previously unknown details of the Nałkowskis’ family life which affected the development of Wacław’s character and his interests. These details were also decisive as factors which influenced his scientific and social commitment. Social relationships of his parents and their affinities were also analyzed in order to explain the origins of his worldview. Wacław’s combative nature was already developed in the Russian school, where every symptom of Polish patriotism as well as all forms of free thought were punished. Many questions concerning Nałkowski’s activities can be explained by his experiences from his student days and by the atmosphere at home, where most of his works were written, and where numerous debates and meetings with the representatives of the Polish scientific and patriotic circles were held. The article was composed with the use of the unique source materials collected in the Nałkowskis’ Family Museum in Wołomin, and the memoires of Zofia Nałkowska, the well-known writer and scientist’s daughter.
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Koncepcja geografii malowniczej

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Mentel K.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
90-97
EN
„Picturesque geography” is an original expression of Wacław Nałkowski, which probably has no counterpart in the whole history of geographical thought. It clearly shows Nałkowski’s belief that the materials utilized in the process of education should have a beautiful shape. This is also a very convincing expression of his romantic sensibility and the testimony of his great literary talent. Romantic aspects in works of Nałkowski are thought to be very important, since geography is a field which was founded as a modern science, and was established as an academic discipline just in the era of Romanticism. Despite this, most of the authors perceive Nałkowski mainly as an outstanding representative of positivism – the philosophy derived directly from the Enlightenment, which in many respects is the opposite of Romanticism. The article presents the „picturesque geography” concept against the background of contemporary discussions concerning the aesthetic education.
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Studia geograficzne w Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim w XIX wieku

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Tracz M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
47-51
EN
In time of Wacław Nałkowski’s studies in Kraków (1871–1876), the chair of geography at the Jagiellonian University did not exist. Despite this, in addition to mathematics, astronomy and physics, he attended lectures in geography, astronomy and cartography. Geographical learning opportunities within the Faculty of Philosophy were enabled there as early as1765, thanks to the reform of the University made by Hugo Kołłątaj. In late 1811 and 1812among 12 departments in the Faculty of Philosophy there was the Chair of History and Universal Geography as well as the Chair of Astronomy. At this time the first Polish physical geographical handbook was issued. That was a very innovative textbook in mathematical and physical geography elaborated by Jan Śniadecki, which was used until the end of the nineteenth century. In 1849 there was an adjustment of the organizational structure of the Faculty of Philosophy. As a result, the Chair of Natural History was divided into the chairs o geology, zoology and geography. The latter was taken by Wincenty Pol, who taught geography of Eastern Europe, the Austrian Monarchy and the Holy Land. He also had courses in physical geography and commercial geography, which later gave rise to human geography. The suppression of the autonomy of the University on September 30, 1852, and winding up of the Chair of Geography in January 1853 completed the first period of formal development of geography as an academic discipline in Poland. Academic activity of W. Pol caused, however, that geography became gradually noticed and recognized as an independent area of knowledge and the academic discipline.
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Współczesne cele i metody kształcenia w świetle koncepcji Wacława Nałkowskiego

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Misztalska M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
118-122
EN
An important task of geographical education is thought to be the formulation of teaching objectives, the selection of contents and development of teaching methods. The primary task is then to define teaching objectives since the formulation of objectives is thought to be a decisive factor in the selection of contents and methods. All these topics constitute the subject matter of the special branch of geography distinguished by Nałkowski, namely the „school geography”, which was seen as extremely important. The article contains a comparison of contemporary geography teaching purposes according to Stanisław Zając, and those promoted by Wacław Nałkowski. The author concludes that although the modern geographical education goals are not significantly different from those formulated by Nałkowski, school reality increasingly deviates from the standards fixed by him more than a century ago. Therefore, Nałkowski is a scholar whose views are respected only officially and occasionally, especially at theoretical level. In school practice, however, there are promoted methods and manuals, which serve mainly to fill-in students’ brain with theory, and to break their natural, instinctive resistance.
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Dekadencja geografii i zapomniane idee Wacława Nałkowskiego

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May J.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
123-134
EN
The article is inspired by Wacław Nałkowski’s writings and is a reflection on the nature of geography and its place in the system of knowledge. Moreover, the author considers the status of geography and its social relevance. The article seeks to justify the thesis that the low prestige of geography in social consciousness is an outcome of the attitudes of scholars and teachers of geography themselves, the media propaganda and also the state policy. The main objective of the paper is to verify these theses. The first part of the paper is devoted to the status of geography as a science. The author argues that contemporary perception of the essence of geography, understood as a loose compilation of physical and human disciplines, is quite different than the unified, holistic and humanistic concept of Nałkowski. The problems of geographical education are also emphasized, since the misunderstanding of geography as a science is being transferred into the sphere of education, influencing the school curricula and handbooks. In conclusion, the author proves that for the improvement in the area of geography’s social relevance, the restoration of the forgotten ideas of Wacław Nałkowski is essential.
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Czym jest zmysł geograficzny?

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Wilczyński W.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
98-109
EN
„Geographical sense” is one of the original ideas of Wacław Nałkowski. He defined it as oneof the characteristics of human perception and thinking, which manifests itself in such a way, that the whole variety of human experience is transformed in the act of perception to shape the overall, general and comprehensive situations or figures. It is a process based on a spontaneous, unconscious selection of incoming sensory data and its evaluation, interpretation and synthesizing, to create the picture of a whole (germ. Gestalt). This process was examined and described by psychologists in the twentieth century. According to Nałkowski, if this holistic perception and valuation refers to geographic features such as places, regions or landscapes, it can be called „geographical sense”. This specific human capacity Nałkowski defined only in one of his latest publications, but its influence on his work seems to be evident already in first editions of his textbooks. The article presents the relationship between the concept of „geographical sense” and the idea of the unity of geography, which seems to be the most important in all Nałkowski’s geographical works. Moreover, the author showed some similar concepts which appeared in the history of geographical thought. „Geographical sense” is compared with the „Excellency of Geography” formulated by Bernhard Varenius, the „spiritual synthesis” by Wincenty Pol, the „geographical thinking” concept of Mikołaj Barański, and particularly, with David Lowenthal’s „geographical epistemology”. The particular attention was paid to the interpretation of „geographical sense” in terms of psychology and cognitive science (J. Piaget and J. Bruner), and also in terms of Kantian epistemology. The article is also a reference to contemporary philosophical concept referred to as the „Basic Furniture of Mind Hypothesis”.
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Idee Wacława Nałkowskiego a współczesna dydaktyka

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Szkurłat E.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
110-117
EN
The answer to the question whether teaching of geography nowadays respects the universal ideas of the great geographer, is not clear. A critical look at teaching achievements of Wacław Nałkowski, as well as at the contemporary state of geographical teaching, seems to be difficult due to the individual views and personal experiences. This paper is an attempt to assess the extent to which the important educational concepts of Nałkowski are respected in contemporary educational practice. The author particularly emphasizes the idea of geography as a synoptic field, which was to integrate the arts and the sciences, the „rationality” principle in geography, the views of Nałkowski concerning the use of maps, and the role and shape of geographical handbooks. In conclusion it was ascertained that the guiding principles of teaching geography, which were developed by Nałkowski and introduced by him to educational practice, today are mainly plain postulates. Although these principles did not lost their validity, what is confirmed by numerous authors, educational practice, form and content of geographical textbooks still deviate from Nałkowski’s recommendations. Also in geographical education at academic level many educational ideas of Nałkowski are not implemented.
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Nauka i ewolucja w myśli Wacława Nałkowskiego

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Wierciński M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
57-64
EN
Wacław Nałkowski is certainly an outstanding figure for Polish geography. In many publications he has also been classified as positivist, anti-metaphysician, evolutionist, anticleric and socialist. Perhaps these designations are not always right, since in his works one can also find the ideas that do not quite match the labels conferred. His broad interests, diligence, criticism in selecting arguments, and the ability to see the essence of complex phenomena of different nature (both natural and cultural), yielded several interesting reflections contained in numerous articles and books. It should be emphasized that among his written thoughts and observations there are also those that resisted rapid changes in culture and environment that occurred in the century after his death, and can also be repeated today. Among them surely are his geographic and educational concepts. However, Nałkowski’s interests extend far beyond geography. The article focuses on interpretation of Nałkowski’s statements concerning the issues associated with the development of civilization, evolution, nature, as well as philosophy and sociology of science.
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Nałkowska i Komornicka, czyli kto zawinił

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Helbig-Miszewski B.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2013
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issue 21
163-175
EN
The author analyses the love-hate relationship between Zofia Nałkowska and her seven years’ senior, the legendary painter Maria Komornicka, who was for a time romantically ivolved with Zofia’s father - Wacław Nałkowski - and her friend - Cezary Jellenta. The relationship between the two writers has excited emotional reponses from researchers for many years. Two critics specializing in Komornicka have shown their interest most explicitly: Izabela Filipiak and Edward Boniecki. They accuse Nałkowska of not maginalizing Komornicka’s role in women’s literature of early 20th century, of unfeeling attitude for Komornicka’s tragic fate, even though Nałkowska was inspired by her in the early age, and of the failure to help Komornicka, when she was declared insane and disempowered after her symbolic transformation into a man. Researchers have so far seen Komornicka as a lost and harmed person, whereas Nałkowska was perceived as the morally questionable winner. However, Hanna Kirchner, who specializes in Nałkowska, has recently shown interesting sources of Nałkowska’s dislike for Komornicka, pointing out to a forgotten juvenile poem called Historia „For­poczt”. The author of the article, who also wrote a monograph about Maria Komornicka, analyses the arguments presented by critics of both writers, observing the relation between Nałkowska and Komornicka from a neutral ground, without sharing the dynamic of hasty accusations.
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Badania nad osobowością Wacława Nałkowskiego

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Choinkowska E.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
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2011
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vol. 2 Koncepcje Wacława Nałkowskiego w świetle osiągnięć współczesnej nauki i filozofii
31-41
EN
The article attempts to explain the scientific and social phenomenon that was constituted by the figure of Wacław Nałkowski. With comprehensive knowledge concerning his life, the author undertook the characterization of his personality with the use of the special psychological method of transactional analysis. It is a method developed by American psychiatrist Eric Berne during 1960s. It explains the way people think and behave, offering many tools to understand human functioning, social, spiritual and intellectual development, and person’s inherent creative potential. The analysis proved to be helpful to define these characteristic sand attitudes of Nałkowski that are desirable in today’s teachers and researchers.
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