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EN
Author ties the long period of works on the Law of National Minorities in Poland with domination of Polish language society. In communities where minorities have at least 20 % inhabitants they are going to be given the right to use their native language in public sphere. The paper presents attitudes and opinions of Ukrainians themselves about the planned Law of National Minorities and works on it.
EN
Until 1945 former East Prussia /Ostpreußen/ was relatively homogenous in terms of culture. Germans, native Mazurians and Warmiaks dominated, Poles lived in the southern part of Warmia and Mazury, the Jewish minority inhabited towns and the Old Believers /‘starovyery’/ lived in the area of the Piska Forest /Puszcza Piska/. The evacuation of German civilians fleeing the advancing Red Army in January 1945 marked the beginning of a post-war expulsion of Germans from East Prussia, which was endorsed at Potsdam Peace Conference in July/August 1945 by the Big Three (Stalin – Churchill – Truman). Those who decided to stay here were soon forced to ‘claim’ their nationality. Polish authorities, just like their German predecessors, were aiming at an ethnic unification of the region. Following some political decisions the majority of the remaining German population were displaced and Warmiaks and Mazurians had to pledge their allegiance: either German or Polish. At the same time Polish settlers began to pour in. By the end of 1948 ca. 330 thousand had come from central Poland and slightly over 115 thousand of so called ‘resettlers’ had arrived from pre-war Eastern Borderlands /Kresy Wschodnie/. In addition, 55 thousand Ukrainians were later relocated to the region under so called ‘Operation Vistula’. Considerably smaller representations of Belorussians, Lithuanians and Romani community members closed the list of new settlers1. Germans had to conceal their national identity.
EN
The article describes Russian translations of literary works by authors from Warmia and Mazury: Marek Barański, Tomasz Białkowski, Alicja Bykowska-Salczyńska. Zbigniew Chojnowski, Wojciech Kass, Włodzimierz Kowalewski, Jan Pietrzyk and Krzysztof Szatrawski, from the perspective of the perception of the national, social and cultural identity of Warmia and Mazury. All these works have been translated by Igor Belov and published in the journal “Baltika-Kaliningrad” (2017/4).
EN
This article is an attempt to classify the municipalities (gminas) of Warmia and Mazury from the point of view of their financial condition. The research was carried out in years 2010-2014, and covered all the municipalities of the region. To achieve the purpose a method of group k-means was used. Four budget indicators proposed by the Ministry of Finance were hallmarks of local budgets used in the research. As a result of the classification, five groups of municipalities were identified and characterised by their budgetary situation. Next a ranking of the groups of municipalities was made. The groups of municipalities were also profiled with regard to their legal status and geographical location. The studies have shown that in the analysed period,only 57 of the 116 municipalities of the Warmia-Mazury enjoyed a relatively good financial condition. Other municipalities received a low evaluation of the budget and have been classified into three other groups of municipalities.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę klasyfikacji gmin województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego z punktu widzenia oceny ich sytuacji finansowej. Zakres badań objął lata 2010-2014 i dotyczył wszystkich gmin województwa. Do realizacji celu badań posłużono się metodą grupowania k-średnich. Cechami charakteryzującymi budżety gmin były cztery wskaźniki budżetowe wybrane spośród wskaźników proponowanych przez Ministerstwo Finansów. W rezultacie klasyfikacji otrzymano pięć grup gmin, które zostały scharakteryzowane pod kątem ich sytuacji budżetowej, a następnie utworzono ranking poszczególnych grup. Dokonano także profilowania grup gmin z punktu widzenia statusu prawnego oraz położenia geograficznego gmin. Badania wykazały, że w badanym okresie tylko 57 spośród 116 gmin województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego (łącznie dwie grupy gmin) charakteryzowały się relatywnie dobrą sytuacją budżetową. Pozostałe gminy uzyskały niską ocenę budżetu i zostały zaklasyfikowane do trzech pozostałych grup gmin.
EN
The article reveals militia work from Olsztyn voivodeship. It shows the first years of the command and the problems handled by the officers, the state of professional discipline, the level of education and training.
EN
The aim of this article is to illustrate the manner in which the circumstances of the plebiscitein Warmia, Mazury and Powiśle, held in 1920, were interpreted in both memoirs and poetic workswritten by authors who participated in those events, and to refer to their subjective assessmentsbased on their own emotions. The memoirs of Jan Boenigk, Jerzy Kolendo, Michał Lengowski,Anna Łubieńska, Karol Małłek and Adam Uziembło, as well as the poems by Michał Kajka, MichałLengowski, Alojzy Śliwa and Maria Zientara-Malewska are examined. This article uses relevanthistorical sources. The presented examples clearly testify to the affective attitude adopted by theauthors.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie współpracy kulturalnej miast partner-skich i zaprzyjaźnionych województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego z regionami na Ukra-inie. Po proklamowaniu niepodległej Ukrainy można mówić o prawdziwym renesansie współpracy miast polskich i ukraińskich na mocy zawieranych porozumień, czyli umów o partnerstwie i wzajemnej współpracy. W realizację oraz rozwój współpracy zaprzy-jaźnionych miast aktywnie włączyło się województwo warmińsko-mazurskie, lokalne samorządy województwa nawiązały kontakty ze swoimi odpowiednikami na Ukrainie, np. Olsztyn – Łuck, Giżycko – Dubno, Elbląg – Tarnopol, Węgorzewo – Jaworów. Wnikliwy przegląd ponad 20-letniego okresu współpracy polskich i ukraińskich miast i gmin bliźniaczych wykazał dużą aktywność regionów w organizacji przedsięwzięć promujących ukraińską kulturę na Warmii i Mazurach oraz polską w obwodzie rówień-skim. Wśród realizowanych projektów kulturalnych dominują te o charakterze przeglądów i festiwali popularyzujące scenę muzyczną obu regionów.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present the cultural cooperation between twin cities of the Warmia-Mazury Voivodeship and Ukraine. After Ukraine proclaimed its independence, there was a real renaissance of cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian cities under concluded agreements, i.e. partnership and mutual cooperation. Warmia and Mazury actively joined the implementation and development of cooperation between twin cities, local provincial governments established contacts with their counterparts in Ukra-ine, e.g. Olsztyn − Łuck, Giżycko − Dubno, Elbląg − Tarnopol, Węgorzewo − Jaworów.
EN
It was the aim of the study to register and analyze manuscripts and prints written in the Cyrillic which have been collected in Warmia and Mazury. The article describes written monuments from the collections of libraries in Olsztyn: the library in Warmia and Mazury Seminary Hosianum (parchment leaves from the 14th century), University of Warmia and Mazury Library (manuscript Swiatcy from 1848), and Museum of Warmia and Mazury Library (two copies of the Lvov publication of the Ałtar Gospel Book from 1897), as well as the municipal and regional libraries (Monthły Menaion for October printed in Moscow in 1750) and a private collection (the Altar Gospel Book from 1815 printed in Poczajów. A volume of Służebnik (Wilno-Supraśl, 1692-1695) is in the possession of a Greek-Catholic parishioner from Giżycko. Additionally, volumes from the Old Believers’ monastery and Orthodox church in Wojnowo were described. Courtesy of their owners, the study is based also on manuscripts and prints which belong to the Old Believers from Ukta, Wojnowo, Ruciane-Nida and Piaski. The guardian of the Old Believers Monastery of Saviour and Holy Trinity allowed the author to photograph and describe the manuscripts and prints which have not been so far academically analysed. They are now stored in the Digital Library of the University of Warmia and Mazury thanks to a project financed by the National Science Centre. The described volumes, mainly liturgical in their character, served the needs of Christians in the east: Orthodox Christians, Old Believers and Greek-Catholics.
EN
The Mazurian Institute in Olsztyn was the Research Station of the Institute of Western Affairs in Poznań from 1948 to 1953. The aim of the present study is to examine to what extent the documents collected at the Institute for Western Affairs reflect the situation of the Olsztyn institution. The research problem was an attempt to answer the question: under what organisational and financial conditions did the Mazurian Institute function as the Research Station of the Institute for Western Affairs? Did these change, and if so - to what extent, upon its management being taken over by the Institute in Poznań? The research methods consisted of a critical analysis of documents deposited in the Archive of the Institute for Western Affairs and literature needed to draw a broader picture. The conclusions were no surprise to the author of the text. Firstly, the sources provide a picture of the Institute in Olsztyn as a small unit, struggling with many difficulties -organisational issues, accommodation, staffing and, of course, funding. However, the extensive factual reports show the enormous work carried out by the Station Manager Emilia Sukertowa- Biedrawina and her very modest team. The Mazurian Institute cannot therefore be compared in status and scientific significance to the Institute for Western Affairs or the Silesian Institute, although the very name of these three institutions might suggest so.
EN
In the article, I discussed the problem of shaping cultural identity through the educational activities of a local kindergarten from the area of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. I presented the forms of use of the warlord and Mazurian bustes in preschool work. The content of the work is the result of the analysis of the statutes, the concept of work and the annual work plans of preschool from Warmia and Mazury for the years 2012–2017. In the studies, I used a qualitative strategy, a method of collecting data in the form of a searchable secondary source. I have analysed materials from 100 local government offices, which have accrued during their activities in the years 2012–2017. The sources come primarily from the Olsztyn district and partly from Mrągów and Giżycki. The educational activities carried out by the warlord and Mazurian bustly lead to the shaping of cultural identity among preschoolers through territorial, historical and cultural roots.
PL
W artykule poruszyłam problem kształtowania tożsamości kulturowej poprzez działania edukacyjne przedszkoli samorządowych z terenu województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego. Przedstawiłam formy wykorzystania gwary warmińskiej i mazurskiej w pracy przedszkoli. Treści zamieszczone w pracy są wynikiem analizy statutów, koncepcji pracy oraz rocznych planów pracy przedszkoli z Warmii i Mazur za lata 2012–2017. W badaniach posłużyłam się strategią jakościową, metodą zbierania danych w postaci przeszukiwania źródeł wtórnych. Dokonałam analizy materiałów pochodzących ze 100 placówek samorządowych, narosłych w toku ich działalności w latach 2012–2017. Źródła pochodzą przede wszystkim z powiatu olsztyńskiego oraz częściowo z mrągowskiego i giżyckiego. Działania edukacyjne prowadzone przy wykorzystaniu gwary warmińskiej i mazurskiej prowadzą do kształtowania tożsamości kulturowej wśród przedszkolaków poprzez zakorzenienie terytorialne, historyczne i kulturowe.
EN
The article analyses the speech of the Ukrainian community in Warmia and Mazury after 65 years of its existence in an alien linguistic milieu, which additionally has not been conducive to its religious, political and cultural life. It was the aim of the author to determine the present state of Ukrainian dialects in the constantly growing linguistic pluralism which leads to linguistic assimilation. The research material was collected in the group of respondents who were interviewed by the author. The author limited the range of conversation topics to vocabulary connected with cultivating customs and traditions of different festivals as well as rituals connected with wedding, baptism and funeral. The performed analysis shows that the processes of assimilation threaten both city dwellers as well as villagers. Still, in villages these processes are less visible and even postponed by one generation.
PL
Artykuł nawiązuje do opracowania prof. Marii Biolik o oronimach motywowanych nazwami zwierząt na Warmii i Mazurach. Niniejszy tekst wykorzystuje materiały Państwowego Rejestru Nazw Geograficznych. Autor scharakteryzował zbiór oronimów z województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego, w szczególności zaś przyjrzał się nazwom wzgórz motywowanym nazwami zwierząt. Zmiany w zasobie oronimów odzwierciedlają zmiany cywilizacyjne. Dawniej nazywano obiekty terenowe ze względu na ich wartość dla rolnika i hodowcy, dziś – obiekty ważne dla mieszkańca, turysty i administratora terenu. Zwraca uwagę zmniejszanie się zasobu nazw motywowanych nazwami zwierząt hodowlanych, natomiast wzrasta liczba oronimów od nazw dziko żyjących ptaków. Prawdopodobnie ma to związek z powstaniem rezerwatów dzikiej przyrody w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim.
EN
The article refers to Prof. Maria Biolik’s studies on oronymy of the regions of Warmia and Mazury motivated by expressions denoting animals. It is based on toponymy included in Państwowy Rejestr Nazw Geograficznych [Polish National Register of Geographical Names]. The author outlines the oronymy of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship, paying special attention to the names of hills motivated by expressions standing for animals. Changes occurring in oronymy reflect civilizational changes. In the past, terrain features useful for farmers and breeders were named, nowadays objects important for inhabitants, tourists, and area administrators are given names. There are fewer toponyms motivated by expressions based on livestock, while the number of oronyms derived from names of wild birds is increasing. This is probably related to the establishment of wildlife reserves in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship
EN
In the light of preserved literary sources and the existing knowledge, it would be difficult to further advance the thesis that in 1945 the territory of East Prussia was „liberated” by the Red Army. The above thesis appears absurd today, and during the communist era the term was used purely for propaganda purposes. It should be stressed that after the Second World War, nearly half of the Polish territory was annexed and incorporated into the Soviet Union, and the Poles who had been living there for centuries were forced to leave their homeland which was cut off from the main part of Poland. Particular attention should be paid to a wave of rapes and robberies committed by Soviet soldiers, which had a destabilizing effect on both the settlement process and public safety. Plunder and theft increased the size of war damage and caused considerable financial losses, thus hindering the rebuilding of war-torn Warmia and Mazury.
PL
W świetle zachowanych źródeł, jak i dotychczasowego stanu wiedzy na ten temat obecnie raczej trudno już obronić tezę o „wyzwoleniu” w 1945 r. Prus Wschodnich przez Armię Czerwoną. Dzisiaj brzmi ona absurdalnie zwłaszcza, że w okresie rządów komunistycznych twierdzenie to miało czysto propagandowy charakter. Warto też przypomnieć, że po wojnie blisko połowa terytorium Polski została zagarnięta i wcielona do Związku Sowieckiego, a zamieszkująca od wieków te ziemie ludność polska w praktyce zmuszona do opuszczenia swoich ojczystych stron, które zostały odcięte od macierzy. Należy też podkreślić liczne przypadki gwałtów i przestępstw dokonywanych przez żołnierzy sowieckich, które wywierały destabilizujący wpływ zarówno na przebieg akcji osadniczej, jak i stan bezpieczeństwa na tych terenach. Z kolei rabunki i grabieże, nie tylko znacząco powiększały skalę zniszczeń, ale również w istotny sposób powodowały straty finansowe i tym samym znacznie utrudniły powojenną odbudowę gospodarczą Warmii i Mazur.
EN
This work shows the profile of Professor Kazimierz Nitsch – the distinguished Polish linguist and recalls his achievements in dialectology and his written works. The text has been shown as a media presentation during the research session entitled “Professor Kazimierz Nitsch – the researcher of East Prussian dialects”.
EN
Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy was formed in 1949 as a merger of almost all previously existing veterans’ associations. At the regional level, the most important element of the Association was the regional board and the superordinate bodies were poviate boards and clubs. Within the Regional Board there were merit-based commissions (e.g. verification, propaganda, health, medals, social), and after 1956 - also the so-called social group commissions (e.g. political prisoners, participants of revolution fights, fighters for the independence of Warmia and Mazury). In the years 1949-1956, the Association was in fact only a tool of political indoctrination and was strictly governed by political authorities that aimed at liquidating the Association. After 1956, the Association became totally independent and the veterans were given a limited possibility of postulating, mainly in social matters. The condition for being a member of the Association was loyalty towards the communist state.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2022
|
vol. 54
|
issue 3
109-130
EN
This article presents the process of destruction of villages in Warmia and Mazury after World War II, plundered and devastated by Soviet troops. Basing on a thorough analysis of the Polish civil administration and the Provincial Office of Public Security files, the author describes the plunders of Soviet soldiers that contributed to a significant depletion of the agricultural property of Warmia and Mazury. This seriously hampered the post-war settlement, reconstruction and development of these areas, where agriculture was the primary economic branch.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono proces niszczenia wsi na Warmii i Mazurach po II wojnie światowej w wyniku rabunków i dewastacji dokonywanych przez wojska sowieckie. Na podstawie analizy akt polskiej administracji cywilnej, a także Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego opisano działania wojsk sowieckich prowadzące do znaczącego uszczuplenia majątku rolnego Warmii i Mazur, co w poważnym stopniu utrudniło powojenne osadnictwo, odbudowę i zagospodarowanie tych obszarów, na których rolnictwo było podstawową gałęzią gospodarczą.
EN
In social sciences, especially in educational sciences, it is emphasized that a lifelong education meaning lifelong learning, refers to the acquisition of knowledge throughout a person's life. It is a concept that combines many different formats of learning including both elements of adult education, lifelong learning, self-education as well as the promotion of the ideal of an individual who fully realizes their potential, both personal and professional. One of the forms of implementation of this concept of education are Universities of the Third Age (UTA), which focus primarily on the development and activation of elderly people. The article focuses on the specificity of continuing education in the functioning of the University of the Warmia and Mazury during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The presented text was prepared based on the analysis of research material collected through semi-directed, problem-focused interviews and foundational databases – primarily at hand, traditional and electronic archives of the UTAs in Warmia and Mazury and digital reports of the Marshal's Office in Olsztyn. The research presented in this article shows that the changing social and health conditions posed new challenges to the universities and caused the need to revise the existing curricula, forms and ways of transferring knowledge and practical skills. During the pandemic Warmia and Mazury UTAs didn`t cease contact with their students and did not renounce continuing education. The period of isolation contributed to an increase in digital competence of the UTA students and digitization of continuing education.
PL
W naukach społecznych, zwłaszcza w naukach o wychowaniu, podkreśla się, że lifelong education, czyli uczenie się przez całe życie, odnosi się do zdobywania wiedzy praktycznie przez całe życie człowieka. Jest to koncepcja, która łączy w sobie wiele różnych formatów uczenia się obejmując zarówno elementy edukacji dorosłych, kształcenia ustawicznego, samodzielnego uczenia się jak również promocję ideału jednostki, która w pełni wykorzystuje swój potencjał zarówno osobisty jak i zawodowy. Jedną z form realizacji tej koncepcji edukacji stanowią Uniwersytety Trzeciego Wieku (UTW), które skupiają się przede wszystkim na rozwoju i aktywizacji osób starszych. Artykuł koncentruje się na specyfice edukacji ustawicznej w ramach funkcjonowania warmińsko-mazurskich UTW w dobie pandemii SARS-CoV-2. Prezentowany tekst przygotowano na podstawie analizy materiału badawczego zgromadzonego za pośrednictwem wywiadów częściowo kierowanych, skoncentrowanych na problemie oraz baz danych zastanych – przede wszystkim podręcznych, tradycyjnych oraz elektronicznych archiwów UTW na Warmii i Mazurach oraz raportów cyfrowych Urzędu Marszałkowskiego w Olsztynie. Zaprezentowane w artykule badania pokazują, że zmieniające się warunki społeczno-zdrowotne postawiły przed Uniwersytetami nowe wyzwania i spowodowały potrzebę zrewidowania dotychczasowych programów kształcenia, form i sposobów przekazywania wiedzy oraz umiejętności praktycznych. W czasie pandemii warmińsko-mazurskie UTW nie zaprzestały kontaktu ze swoimi słuchaczami oraz nie zrezygnowały z edukacji ustawicznej. Okres izolacji przyczynił się do zwiększenia kompetencji cyfrowych słuchaczy UTW i cyfryzacji kształcenia ustawicznego.
EN
The data for this study come from literature of the subject, archive documents and interviews that the author carried out with representatives of eight families resettled to armia and Mazury in 1947 from southern Podlasie and Chełm Land during Operation Vistula. The exact numbers of the Orthodox Church members among 56.000 force settlers to Olsztyn district are unknown, though it is estimated that they constituted ca. 30% in 1948, 10% in the late 1950s, and that the numbers continued to fall. The reasons for such decrease were: migration to the original places of living, mixed marriages and ensuing conversions to Roman Catholicism, and revival of the Greek Catholic Church. The assimilation process, mainly social and economic, took place in the 1970s as a result of wide distribution of the settlers, the decision of the Polish government depriving them of their properties lost due to Operation Vistula, persecutions of those who attempted to return, offering the settlers farms in the Recovered Territories in Poland, and reestablished religious practices. In 1951 there were as many as nine Orthodox Church parishes and six filial churches (given in parentheses) in: Olsztyn, Kętrzyn (Sątopy-Samulewo), Giżycko (Wągorzewo), Orzysz (Mrągowo), Górowo Iławeckie (Sępopol), Orneta (Lidzbark Warmiński), Braniewo (Młynarska Wola) and Elbląg. Even today, for many of the relocated and their descendants, the connection with the Orthodox Church, their parish and its congregation is of paramount importance. It allows to preserve their identity, tradition and shared past. Others, however, have lost the traces of their distinct origin and religion.
EN
The paper presents the names of 44 objects from the territory of Warmia and Mazury related etymologically to the German “Mühle” or Polish “młyn” and its derivatives as well as the Polish “wiatrak”. The analysis discussed names of 18 ponds, 9 lakes and 17 terrain objects.
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