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PL
Prezentowane studium przypadku przybliża istotny problem współczesnej Polski, jakim jest brak należytego poszanowania wartości patriotycznych obiektów historycznych. Wybór obiektów oparto m.in. na dydaktycznej podstawie programowej z języka polskiego opracowanej przez Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej. Przedmiot ten ma znaczący wpływ na kształtowanie myśli i postawy patriotycznej młodego pokolenia. Celem autorów jest uświadomienie niebezpieczeństw zagrażającym obiektom, które przedstawiane są uczniom jako kluczowe symbole patriotyzmu polskiego. Podczas badań dokonano analizy dokumentów planistycznych, a także elementów wpływających na ludzką percepcję. Brak zahamowania procesów degradacyjnych, skutkować może nieodwracalną utratą cennych wartości przestrzennych.
EN
The case study brings to light the important issue of contemporary Poland, which is the lack of respect for the values of patriotic historical objects. The selection of facilities was based on the didactic program of the Polish language developed by the Ministry of National Education. This subject has a significant influence on shaping the mind and patriotic attitude of the young generation. The aim of the authors is to realize the dangers threatening the objects presented to pupils as key symbols of Polish patriotism. During the study there were analyzed the perceptual elements and planning documents. The lack of inhibition of degradation processes can result in irreversible loss of valuable value.
EN
The article is a study based on the personal story of the defender of Westerplatte platoon leader Józef Łopatniuk. He was the commander of a platoon of anti-tank guns at the Military Transit Depot. His postwar account of the fights for the post is the main thread of the text, based on the Polish-German battle fought in the first week of September 1939. The events in which he took part were also presented in the light of his colleagues from the garrison's memories of him. The article places the described actions and attitudes of J. Łopatniuk during the fights in the context of the overall course of the Battle of Westerplatte. In the background, two most controversial issues concerning the described events are outlined: the conflict of the command elite, affecting the attitudes and behavior of soldiers; and the fact that the WST surrendered on the second day of defense.
PL
Artykuł jest opracowaniem opartym na osobistej historii obrońcy Westerplatte plutonowego Józefa Łopatniuka. Był on dowódcą plutonu działek przeciwpancernych Wojskowej Składnicy Tranzytowej. Jego powojenna relacja z walk o placówkę jest głównym wątkiem tekstu, osnutego na kanwie polsko-niemieckiego boju toczącego się w pierwszym tygodniu września 1939 r. Zdarzenia w których brał udział przedstawiono również w świetle wspomnień o nim jego kolegów z garnizonu. Artykuł sytuuje opisane działania i postawy J. Łopatniuka podczas walk w kontekście całościowego przebiegu bitwy o Westerplatte. W tle zarysowano dwie najbardziej kontrowersyjne kwestie dotyczące opisywanych wydarzeń: konflikt elity dowódczej, rzutujący na postawy i zachowania żołnierzy; oraz fakt kapitulacji WST w drugim dniu obrony.
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Losy westerplatczyków

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EN
Westerplatte was where the mission of the only Polish army unit stationed beyond the borders of the Second Polish Republic lasted for over 13 years. After the seven-day defence in September 1939, the defenders were taken to POW camps, labor camps or even concentration camps across the whole Europe. After the war, most Westerplatte defenders came back to Poland, while some dispersed around the world, unable to return to their homeland controlled by the Soviets. Those who came back had to face a new political reality. They were gradually eradicated from the collective memory, and the times of humiliation, surveillance and persecution followed. In the next years, the propaganda of the Polish People’s Republic partly opened up for their voice. Monuments were erected, and schools, streets and military units were named after them. Simultaneously, fates of the individual Westerplatte defenders remained beyond the interest of the authorities of that time. It was not until the beginning of the Third Polish Republic when most of the living and fallen fighters were decorated with the War Order of Virtuti Militari.
RU
На Вестерплатте в течение более 13 лет продолжалась история одного подразделения Войска Польского, оказавшегося за границами Второй Польской Республики. После семидневного сражения в сентябре 1939 г. защитники Вестерплатте попали в лагеря военнопленных, на принудительные работы и даже в концентрационные лагеря по всей Европе. После войны большинство из них вернулись в Польшу, часть из рассеялись по всему миру, будучи лишёнными возможности вернуться в оккупированные Советами родные края. Возвратившихся ожидала новая политическая реальность. Первоначально их подвиг пытались стереть из народной памяти, потом настали времена унижений, слежки и преследований. В последующие годы коммунистическая пропаганда частично открыла правду. Были воздвигнуты памятники, в честь Вестерплатте назывались школы, улицы и воинские подразделения. В то же время персональные судьбы защитников Вестерплатте оставалась за гранью интересов властей того времени. Они дождались признания только в начале Третьей Республики, когда большинство живущих и умерших были награждены ордером Воинской Доблести.
PL
Na Westerplatte przez ponad 13 lat trwała misja jedynego oddziału Wojska Polskiego stacjonującego poza granicami II Rzeczypospolitej. Po siedmiodniowej walce we wrześniu 1939 r. obrońcy trafili do obozów jenieckich, miejsc pracy przymusowej, a nawet obozów koncentracyjnych w całej Europie. Po wojnie większość westerplatczyków powróciła do Polski, część rozproszyła się po świecie, pozbawiona możliwości powrotu do zajętych przez Sowietów stron rodzinnych. Na wracających czekała nowa rzeczywistość polityczna. Początkowo wypierano ich ze zbiorowej pamięci, później nastał czas poniżania, inwigilacji i prześladowań. W kolejnych latach propaganda PRL częściowo dopuściła ich do głosu. Stawiano pomniki oraz nadawano westerplackie imiona szkołom, ulicom i jednostkom wojskowym. Jednocześnie indywidualny los westerplatczyków pozostawał poza zainteresowaniem ówczesnych władz, uznania doczekali się dopiero na początku III RP, gdy większość żyjących oraz zmarłych odznaczono Orderem Virtuti Militari.
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57%
EN
Battlefields are where historical events took place. They differ in significance, which is either national or global. It is usually difficult to determine the exact area of conflict. This particularly concerns battles that were fought in ancient or medieval times. The more recent a battle, the more abundant historical sources are, and it is easier to determine the field of conflict in question. In order to discover its precise location, historical and other types of research are conducted. This sometimes might shed new light on what historians have established so far. The answer to the question of whether a battlefield constitutesa monument is of course affirmative and there should be no doubt about it. The Polish law recognises, among others, places that commemorate events as monuments, and an area where a battle was fought is most certainly such a place. In Poland there are five fields of battle which are legally protected by being inscribed on the register of monuments. These are: Grunwald (1410), Racławice (1794), Maciejowice (1794), Raszyn (1809) and Westerplatte (1939). As many as three of them – Grunwald, Racławice and Westerplatte – are considered Monuments of History and are of special significance to the State. Which is the best form of protecting a place such as a battlefield? The Act of July 23, 2003, on the Protection of Monuments and the Guardianship of Monuments introduces forms of protection other than the inscription on the register of monuments. These are the creation of cultural parks and the introduction of protection arrangements into local spatial development plans. It might seem that the above measures are more flexible and efficient in preventing the degradation of battlefields. A question arises then: how to legally protect a battlefield without inscribing it on the register of monuments? It seems that the best way is to indicate that such an area is under conservation protection and to list it in the Voivodeship Record of Historical Monuments. In the case of battlefields where elements such as the remains of field fortifications or graves of those killed in battle were preserved, it appears that the best solution is to implement a combined strategy. The area of the battlefield itself can be protected by the conservator and might be included in the Voivodeship Record of Historical Monuments. Other aforementioned monuments can be inscribed on the register of monuments. This will ensure both the protection of the area and the protection of the immovable monuments, though on a smaller scale. There are at least 4 stages of the proceedings that need to be undertaken in order to determine an area where a battle was fought in the past: Stage I – Detailed historical and cartographic analyses. Stage II – Field research consisting in determining where in the modern landscape the characteristic elements of the landform features, hydrography, or roads, related to particular historical events, can be found. Stage III – Archaeological research, which will enable to specify the exact area of the field of conflict, determine the places where particular parts of the battle were fought, or verify the immovable monuments associated with it. Stage IV – Determining the zones under conservation protection. There are several ways to enhance the attractiveness of areas where a battle was fought in the past. One of them is creating a museum dedicated to this particular historical event. Choosing this option, one must bear in mind that the museum has to be modern and present its message in an attractive way. Another, cheaper solution is to stage historical events with the participation of the so-called groups of historical reconstruction. In the years 2008-2011 the National Heritage Board of Poland, initially known as the National Centre for the Research and Documentation of Monuments (KOBiDZ), undertook the task of conducting archaeological research involving 3 fields of battle. The battles in question were 2 battles of the Seven Years’ War fought in Sarbinowo in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship (Zorndorf 1758) and in Kunowice in the Lubuskie Voivodeship (Kunersdorf 1759), as well as the battle of Ossów in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. Battlefields are unique monuments. They are not buildings or other monuments that are noticed immediately. Their boundaries are blurred and it requires a lot of effort to determine their approximate surface. Protecting them constitutes another problematic issue, as their areas are significantly large. Research, exploration and protection of such monuments can all become important factors with regard to social integration among local communities, raising historical awareness or, last but not least, awakening patriotic sentiments.
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