Search results

1

Sprawozdanie z badań ratowniczych na stanowisku 8 w miejscowości Widzino, gm. Kobylnica, pow. słupski, woj. pomorskie

100%

Ostasz A.

Raport

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2013

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vol. 8

371-383

EN

Archaeological research at the site Widzino 8 (AZP 10-28/153), Kobylnica commune, Słupsk county, pomorskie voivodeship, was carried out in 2008 prior to the construction of the Słupsk bypass. It uncovered an area of 63 ares and recorded 45 features, including 18 connected with a settlement of the Pomeranian culture, 5 connected with a manufacturing settlement of the Wielbark culture, 2 dated to the Early Middle Ages, and one from the contemporary period. No chronology was determined for 19 pits. Discerned objects of culture include manufacturing furnaces for ceramics and iron, household hearths and various resource and waste pits.

2

Excavation of a Wielbark culture cemetery at Gostkowo-Folsung

100%

Kurpiewski A., Olszta-Bloch M.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2012

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vol. 64

311–341

EN

Archaeological works conducted in site 17 in Gostkowo-Folsung in 2008 were the part of research program concerning settlement of Wielbarska culture in Chełmińska Land. The site in Gostkowo has been known in archaeological literature for over 70 years. In 2008 total of 112,5 m2 was researched. 5 anthropogenic layers and 28 cultural objects were excavated, 12 of which are associated with Lusatian culture settlement, 5 of undoubtedly Wielbarska chronology and the following 5 are presumably of Wielbarska origin, two objects are dated for Neolithic Age) and 4 objects of unidentified cultural attachment. Material excavated in 2008 chronology suggested above inscribes ideally into the frame of data established earlier, which led to distinguishing three stages of using necropolis in Gostkowo. Horizon I — cemetery setting, phase B2b (fibula A.II-38), Horizon II with the most numerous group of monuments, phase B2/C1 (fibulae A.II-41, A.V-95/96). Horizon III, corresponding withphase C1a, in which material of late Roman style (fibula A. VI-162) appears.

3

Piece wapiennicze z południowo-zachodniej strefy osadnictwa kultury wielbarskiej w fazie lubowidzkiej na tle porównawczym – przegląd źródeł

100%

Michałowski A., Teska M.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2015

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vol. 20

317-337

PL

This article is intended to complement the present state of knowledge on the lime production conducted in the area covered by the settlement of the Wielbark culture in the earlier stage of its development. The article includes a review of available evidence of such a production, reflected within a settlement by the presence of a lime kilns. The article focuses mainly on the presence of such features in the south-western area occupied by the Wielbark communities.

4

Possibilities and limitations of research methods of the social structure in the Roman Iron Age in Poland

100%

Gryzińska-Sawicka N.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2015

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vol. 20

181-194

PL

The question of structure of prehistoric communities constitutes an interesting, yet challenging research problem. Most often it is analyzed from the perspective of the equipment of individuals buried it cemeteries. Researchers dealing with the Roman period, largely base their studies on the qualitative and quantitative diversity of funerary material, assume that the richly furnished graves belonged to rich people (elites), and poorly equipped – respectively – to the poor. They take into account the present value of materials of which objects were made (gold, silver), even though they may not have been as significant as they are today. A major problem in the study of social structure turns out to be the poorly preserved bone material which often prevents anthropologists from determining sex and age of the deceased. The solution could be found in the study of fossil DNA, able to answer questions about the possible existence of kinship and family sectors in the cemeteries. What is more, the study of stable isotopes of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon, although not without limitations, can support archeology in finding answers to questions if diet could be related to social status (or dependent on sex, age, wealth, etc.). Finally, in the study of social structure, the research on divisions arising from labor and its distribution according to sex is also used. In the studies of social structure it is crucial to realize that burial is an intentional action, which is influenced by the aspirations of family members of the deceased, grief, emotions related to death, and even current “fashion”. Therefore, asking questions about the social structure and using methods which are to help obtain the answers, what we really ask about is the attitude of the living towards the deceased and death itself, as well as their own idea of the afterlife.

5

A Wielbark culture barrow in Wojsze near Ostrołęka in comparison with other features of that type in right-bank Mazovia and the Podlasie region

88%

Kurpiewski A.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2015

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vol. 67

259–276

EN

The paper presents research on a Wielbark culture barrow in Wojsze, with the results shown only fragmentarily, as the preserved documentation is incomplete. The analysis involves comparison with other barrow burials from the Roman period in Mazovia and the Podlasie region; for this reason, all such features described in the literature have been catalogued and mapped. To make the analysis more comprehensive, the barrow burials in Mazovia and Podlasie have been compared with mound cemeteries of the Wielbark culture in Pomerania

6

Wyniki archeologicznych badań ratowniczych na stanowisku Łosino 13, gm. Kobylnica, woj. pomorskie

88%

Domańska L., Ficyk M., Piotrowska M., Rzepecki S.

Raport

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2013

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vol. 8

349-356

EN

The site Łosino 13 (AZP 10-29/39), Kobylnica commune, pomorskie voivodeship, revealed relics of settlement from the younger pre-Roman period and the early Roman influence period (the Wielbark culture). This settlement horizon includes two artefacts and 435 fragments of ceramics. Micro-morphological characteristics of the vessels and their forms indicate a replacement of the style of the Oksywie culture with the style of the Wielbark culture. Moreover, two artefacts and 520 fragments of ceramics were revealed originating from the Middle Ages.

7

Diet and society in Poland before the state: stable isotope evidence from a Wielbark population (2ndc. AD)

88%

Reitsema L. J., Kozłowski T.

Anthropological Review

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2013

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vol. 76

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issue 1

1-22

EN

The 1st-4th c. AD Wielbark culture of Eastern Europe is relatively understudied bioarchaeologically due to the fragmentary nature of its cemeteries. Here, we report the first stable isotope analysis of Wielbark diet using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures from both collagen and carbonate of 30 individuals from Rogowo, a 2nd c. Wielbark cemetery in North-Central Poland. Diet at Rogowo was primarily based on terrestrial foods and included millet, a C4 plant cultivated by many Slavic populations in Europe. Anadromous fish likely supplemented the diet, which is clarified when considering collagen and carbonate data in tandem. Stable isotope differences between the sexes indicate that men and women may have consumed different foods, although there is a possibility that women immigrated to Rogowo from an isotopically different region of Europe. No significant differences are noted in δ13C or δ15N of women with and without grave goods, suggesting little social differentiation within the Wielbark culture, at least in terms of daily food access. Reconstructing human diet in Europe through stable isotope analysis is problematic because of the relative isotopic homogeneity in this region of the world. This study further demonstrates the utility of using both carbonate and collagen stable isotope data in tandem to reconstruct past European diet.

8

Fenomen „situli”? – znaczenie naczyń glinianych określanych mianem „situl” w obrządku pogrzebowym ludności kultury wielbarskiej w Wielkopolsce

88%

Żychliński D.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2015

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vol. 20

557-567

PL

The aim of this article is to present issues concerning the presence of so called situlas (pottery vessels, no bronze) in Wielbark culture inventories from Wielkopolska. These vessels are very rare within cemeteries and settlements as well. And until now the criteria of such spatial distribution have remained unknown. In this paper so called situlas from Wielkopolska will be characterised, particularly in the context of their deposition in individual graves and within the necropolises, as well as within settlements. Further parts of this article deal with research problems connected with the role and meaning of so called situlas in Wielbark culture burial rite in Wielkopolska, in particular in the light of anthropological analysis results. The paper also presents the hypothesis explaining sparsity of so called situlas occurrence and very specific localisation of these vessels in the area of Wielkopolska. At the end of the article research demands and questions will be presented. They will enable and give direction for further discussion on the compelling issue of phenomenon of so called situlas of full spatial and chronological aspects of their occurrence.

9

Podstawy społeczne i ekonomiczne powstania fenomenu złotnictwa wielbarskiego

88%

Gralak T.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2022

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issue 63

7-40

EN

In the early first century AC, in the north of Poland (predominantly in Pomerania), the Wielbark culture developed with its group of specific features. Among them were numerous items of jewellery. It seems that their use was related to an extended social hierarchy and distant inter-regional trade contacts. The raw material used by the jewellers was most probably obtained from melted Roman coins. Amber exports were at the economic basis of obtaining the coins. The most frequent forms of trinkets:snake- and adder-inspired bracelets, reverse pear pendants, S-shaped buckles and others, are of entirely foreign origin. Their prototypes can be traced back to the pre-Roman areas along the Danube occupied by the Thracians and the Dacians or the La Tène culture population.

10

Endokanibalizm – rytualny posiłek jako element kultu przodków

87%

Żychliński D.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2018

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vol. 23

231-243

EN

This article presents the hypothesis concerning the practicing of ritual eating of dead bodies of family members by people of Wielbark culture in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) in the Roman Period. Such practices are called as endocannibalism and this custom is connected very closely with ancestors’ worship. It is an expression of love to a dead family member and an attempt of assimilating his best features. Such a possibility is suggested by archaeological discoveries made at Wielbark culture cemeteries in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland). Endocannibalism was noticed in the past, but is also recorded in modern times.

11

Wyniki archeologicznych badań ratowniczych na wielokulturowym stanowisku Łosino 15, gm. Kobylnica

75%

Domańska L., Piotrowska M., Rzepecki S., Stępień A.

Raport

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2013

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vol. 8

357-370

EN

The multi-cultural site Łosino 15 (AZP 10-29/39), Kobylnica commune, pomorskie voivodeship, revealed the acquired material of the Pomeranian culture and the Wielbark culture. The majority of the discovered features are to be connected with the first settlement horizon. The features of the Pomeranian culture in the number of 135 were dominated by pits and hearths. The collection of ceramics included pots, vase-like vessels, bowls, and plates. 16 features were attributed to the Wielbark culture – pits, hearths, a furnace, and concentrations of ceramics. The collection of ceramics from the period of Roman influence is dominated by pots of group I, according to R. Wołągiewicz. The site revealed also base parts of slag-pit furnaces, as well as a considerable amount of cinder. The affiliation of the relics of ancient metallurgy is a problematic issue.

12

The Craft of the Goldsmith in Wielbark Culture in the Light of the Finds from the Cemetery at Weklice, Elbląg Commune and Other Necropolis of Roman Period from Elbląg Heights. Technological Studies of Selected Aspects

75%

Natuniewicz-Sekuła M.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. 69

185-233

EN

The paper presents selected aspects the goldsmithery of Wielbark culture in Roman period. Based on analyzes of chemical composition of fi nds from the cemetery at Weklice, site 7, Elbląg commune and fi nds from selected cemeteries of Roman period located on the Elbląg Heights, three main groups of raw materials were separated: gold, silver and copper alloys. They were also discussed selected techniques of production of jewelry and costume elements, most commonly used by Wielbark culture goldsmiths: casting, forging, filigree, granulation, gilding, soldering. Based on the collected data it was found that the Wielbark culture goldsmith workshop was one of the highest technology levels of ancient goldsmithery.

13

Alleged burial mounds from the late Roman Period at leśnictwo Sacharewo site 3, Białowieża Primeval Forest

75%

Krasnodębski D., Olczak H., Mizerka J., Niedziółka K.

Światowit

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2018

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vol. 57

89-99

EN

The article presents results of excavations carried out at an alleged barrow cemetery located in the western part of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. The site, discovered in 1996 and verified in 2016, consists of 10 mounds. In 2017, the first excavations were carried out when the mound no. 3, with a diameter of c. 9 m and a relative height of c. 0.7 m, located on the northern edge of the site, was chosen for research. In the mound 39 potsherds were found. The scarcity of ceramic material and the high degree of its fragmentation make the stylistic analysis difficult. The technological and stylistic features of the discussed pottery are typical for ceramics from a wide timespan, ranging from the Pre-Roman Period to the Late Roman Period. Their precise dating and cultural affiliation are difficult to determine due not only to the small size of the collection but also to the lack of well-dated comparative materials from the Białowieża Forest and its surroundings. A 14C analysis of charcoal obtained from the embankment of the mound yielded an approximation which fits between the second half of the 3rd century and the early 6th century. The cul- tural situation of north-eastern Poland in the Pre-Roman and Roman periods remains insufficiently recognised. Excavations carried out over the past dozen years have revealed many settlements related to the local culture group of the Hatched Pottery Culture and the Wielbark Culture, with some influences flowing from the postZarubintsy circle. In the course of the excavations, no human bones were found which would unambiguously confirm the sepulchral function of the mound. The Sacharewo mound is a part of a wider category of objects known from throughout the Białowieża Forest in which no bones were discovered but only fragments of clay vessels or charcoal layers.

14

Antropologia pierwotnej kultury Gotów. Zwyczaje pogrzebowe

75%

Kowalski A. P.

Rocznik Antropologii Historii

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2017

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issue 10, Antropologia - folklor - historia

177–201

XX

The article deals with the oldest Goth images of death and funerary rituals. Apart from the archaeological sources connected with the Wielbark culture of the Roman period, their important documentation is also made by some relics of the Gothic language. Using a comparative approach, some discussions and ethnologic commentaries were provided for the following Gothic terms: death and dead people (maurþrjan: to kill, to murder; ga-swiltan: to die; diwan: to die; dauþs: dead; naus: a body, a corpse); ritual accessories and actions (ƕilftrjom: a bed of the dead; gaunoþus, hiufan, flokan: mourning over the dead; starua: funerary feast; ga-nawistron: to bury the dead); sepulchral objects (hlaiw; hlaiwasnōs: a tomb in a form of a cavity in the ground, a sepulchral cave; aurahjōn/s; aurahi: an embankment, a clay layer forming a barrow, a tomb); witches - necromancers, probably responsible for disassembling remains of the dead (halirunna: a witch practicing witchcraft over tombs). Moreover, the reasons for the Wielbark culture taboo that forbade to put weapons and working tools into the tombs were discussed. What makes the equipment of the Wielbark culture toms is mainly jewellery made of noble metals. The names of Gothic finery refer to the image of a snake, an underground reptile, that is associated with tombs and death in the mythology and poetic phasing. Shapes of the finery discovered by archaeologists (bracelets, finger rings, some hairgrips) resemble the snake. Gothic funerary customs relate to old Indo-European rites, e.g.: the image of paradise as a pasture for the dead; however, they also include Germanic and Celtic topics, e.g.: a journey of the dead to ‘the other world’ on a boat or a cart. In the Bible translated by Ulfilas, there are no images of hell, punishment for the guilt, nor the idea of resurrection, which proves that the Goths did not have their analogies to the eschatological ideas of Christianity.

15

Germańskie tabu. Obecność ozdób i brak broni w pochówkach gockich

75%

Kowalski A. P.

Rocznik Antropologii Historii

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2014

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issue 1(6), Semiotyka historii

171–178

XX

The article is an attempt at interpreting a peculiar burial practice noted by archaeologists in the Wielbark culture, attributed to the Germanic Goths. In the first centuries AD on the territories of present-day northern and eastern Poland, graves contained jewellery, while weapons and tools were avoided. The visible contrast between silver jewellery and iron objects may correspond to certain social and mythological classifications. The author, using an anthropological structuralist analysis, puts forward the hypothesis that there was a taboo that stemmed from identifying the signs of masculinity, warlike spirit, and using weapons with life and openness. Objects associated with femininity, such as jewellery, may have been linked to the ‘other world’, the hidden funerary space. The contrast in question was an effect of political events involving Germanic tribes and a reflection of old mythical values concerning warriors, women, metallurgists, and objects associated with them.

16

Ze studiów nad obrządkiem pogrzebowym społeczności kultury wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Gnieźnieńskim. Przykład cmentarzyska w Palędziu Kościelnym (stan. 1) w powiecie mogileńskim

75%

Smaruj A.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2016

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vol. 21

459-490

PL

This paper presents the results of archaeological excavations at the burial mound cemetery used by a Wielbark culture community at Palędzie Kościelne, in the Gniezno Lake District. The sources provide further contribution to a better understanding of the funeral rites of the communities occupying north-east Wielkopolska during the Roman Iron Age.

17

Kolia w kulturze wielbarskiej. Studia nad jednym elementem stroju kobiecego

63%

Żyto K.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2018

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vol. Tom XXVII

s. 47-70

EN

The article focuses on presenting the research potential of the strands of beads discovered in the graves of the Wielbark culture. In the literature, apart from M. Mączyńska and U. Lund Hansen, until this time no one has undertaken research on the necklace treated as one element. A characteristic burial rite containing both inhumation and cremation of the Wielbark community allows for registration in the well-preserved and untouched graves of the original arrangement of the necklace. The analysis of the material was carried out chronologically on the Lubowidz and Cecele phases. Based on well-recognized necklaces, several leading types have been identified. The first of them included necklaces composed of various types of beads, which do not form a coherent whole, e.g. in the form of segments or location of tchem to the raw material. The second type is represented by symmetrical necklaces. These include configurations composed of one type of beads or structures in which the right part of the necklace is similar to the left part. To gain this effect, it was necessary to choose beads of the same type and place them symmetrically in relation to each other. The third type of necklace represents the strands in which the central part (middle) has been filled with the largest bead or pendant made of metal. Also, based on materials from the Wielbark culture burial grounds, attention has been paid to configurations in which beads have found a different application. Among these systems, vertical compositions are particularly noteworthy, in which the beads were found in a line from the level of the neck to the waist level. This location of artefacts evidently indicates other use of beads as a consequence of another type of decoration. The division of the necklace presented in this work is currently still an open division. However, already at this level of work on the stripes of beads, we can conclude that the necklines indicate the diversity of the composition of the necklace and the way how they were worn. Further studies on the necklaces in the Wielbark culture will be focused on a comparison of the period sections of the bead sets in terms of age and sex of the deceased.

PL

Artykuł koncentruje się na przedstawieniu potencjału badawczego pasm paciorków odkrywanych w grobach kultury wielbarskiej. W literaturze przedmiotu oprócz M. Mączyńskiej i U. Lund Hansen jeszcze nikt nie podjął badań nad koliami traktowanych jako jeden element. Charakterystyczny birytualny obrządek pogrzebowy społeczności wielbarskiej pozwala na rejestrowanie w dobrze zachowanych i nienaruszonych grobach pierwotnego układu kolii. Analiza materiału została przeprowadzona pod kątem chronologicznym na fazy lubowidzką i cecelską. Na podstawie dobrze rozpoznanych kolii udało się wyróżnić kilka wiodących typów. Do pierwszego z nich zostały zaliczone kolie złożone z różnych typów paciorków, które nie tworzą spójnej całości np. w postaci segmentów lub rozmieszczenia ich względem surowca. Drugi typ reprezentują kolie symetryczne. Należą do nich kompozycje złożone z jednego typu paciorków lub układy, w których prawa część kolii jest podobna do części lewej. Aby uzyskać taki efekt należało dobierać paciorki tego samego typu i umieszczać je symetrycznie względem siebie. Trzeci rodzaj kolii reprezentują pasma w których centralna część (środkowa) została wypełniona największym paciorkiem lub wisiorkiem wykonanym z metalu. Dodatkowo na podstawie materiałów pochodzących z cmentarzysk kultury wielbarskiej została zwrócona uwaga na zespoły, w których paciorki znalazły inne zastosowanie. Wśród tych układów na szczególną uwagę zasługują kompozycje pionowe, w których paciorki zostały odkryte w jednej linii od poziomu szyi do poziomu pasa. Takie położenie zabytków ewidentnie wskazuje na inne zastosowanie paciorków w następstwie na inny rodzaj ozdoby. Przedstawiony w niniejszej pracy podział kolii jest w chwili obecnej podziałem jeszcze otwartym. Jednakże już na tym poziomie prac nad pasmami paciorków możemy stwierdzić, że kolie wskazują na różnorodność składu kolii oraz sposobu ich noszenia. Dalsze badania na koliami w kulturze wielbarskiej będą skupione na porównaniu w poszczególnych odcinkach czasowych zestawów paciorków pod względem wieku i płci osób pochowanych.

18

Problemy i perspektywy badań paleodemograficznych nad kulturą wielbarską na przykładzie cmentarzyska w Kowalewku

63%

Chmiel-Chrzanowska M., Fetner R.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2016

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vol. 38

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issue 3

8-29

PL

W historii badań nad kulturą wielbarską wielokrotnie podejmowano próby analiz paleodemograficznych. Tego typu badania prowadzone na gruncie kultury wielbarskiej polegały przede wszystkim na konstrukcji tablic wymieralności. Krytyka wysuwana w stosunku do tej metody stała się dla nas impulsem do napisania niniejszego artykułu. Kluczowe w badaniach nad śmiercią jest to, że pracując na fizycznych szczątkach człowieka, staramy się dociekać, w jaki sposób żył i funkcjonował w środowisku, społeczeństwie, kulturze. Pogrzeb i wydarzenia mu towarzyszące niosą ze sobą wiele znaczeń, które współcześnie mogą być nieczytelne. Wynika to zarówno z ograniczeń metodycznych antropologii czy archeologii, jak również z kultury, której symbole zawarte w pochówkach nie zawsze będą dla nas zrozumiałe, a także z naturalnej utraty pewnej puli informacji. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano metodę zaproponowaną przez I. Séguy i jej zespół, będącą rozwinięciem metody J.P. Bocqueta i C. Masseta. Dzięki niej możliwe stało się oszacowanie prawdopodobieństwa zgonu. Przy opracowaniu metody wykorzystano tablice wymieralności społeczeństw preindustrialnych z całego świata, pozbawionych dostępu do medycyny. Z uwagi na problem przy określaniu płci dzieci wypracowano model oparty na 167 tablicach. Jako dane wejściowe modelu wykorzystano wskaźniki: juvenility index (JI = D5–14/D20–ω), P (P = D5–19/D5–ω) oraz średni wiek osobników powyżej 20 roku życia (a20). Analizie poddano birytualne cmentarzysko kultury wielbarskiej w Kowalewku, stanowisko 12 (powiat Oborniki). Zostało ono w całości rozpoznane wykopaliskowo, zatem teoretycznie dysponujemy informacjami o całości populacji. Analogiczną analizę przeprowadzono dla wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Kałdusie, co umożliwiło porównanie wyników ze stanowiska Kowalewko 12 z cmentarzyskiem, na którym zmarłych chowano jedynie w obrządku szkieletowym. Rezultaty analizy zaprezentowano w tabeli 1 i zilustrowano wykresami 2 i 3. Współczynniki wyliczone dla stanowiska w Kowalewku wynoszą: JI = 0,286, P = 0,337 oraz a20 = 34,2. Prawdopodobieństwo zgonu dzieci w wieku 0–5 lat wynosi 548‰ dla populacji stacjonarnej i 490‰ dla populacji stabilnej. Prawdopodobieństwo zgonu noworodka (1q0) wynosi ok. 300‰ w obu modelach, co wydaje się typowe dla populacji preindustrialnych. Współczynniki JI oraz P obliczone dla stanowiska w Kowalewku są wysokie w porównaniu do danych modelowych dla e0 = 20 lat (model „West”) wynoszących 0,16. Wysoka wartość może być wynikiem znacznego wzrostu populacji, jest jednak również spotykana w przypadku profili katastroficznych. Może być to również skutek niedoszacowania populacji, w przypadku kultury wielbarskiej – przede wszystkim niższej liczby mężczyzn niż kobiet.

EN

In the history of the research into the Wielbark Culture there have been numerous attempts to use palaeodemographic analyses. In most cases, that kind of analysis applied to the Wielbark Culture consisted in constructing mortality tables. Reservations about that method were an impulse for the authors to write the present article. The key element in the research on human beings’ physical remains, i.e. on death, is to find out how they lived and functioned in their environment, society, culture. The funeral and its rites convey a lot of meanings, which nowadays might be illegible. It results from methodological limitations of archaeology or anthropology, from the culture the symbols of which contained in the burials are not always clear, and from a loss of a certain amount of information. In the present article the authors have used the method suggested by I. Séguy and her team, which is an extension of the method of J. P. Bocquet and C. Masset. Thanks to that it has been possible to assess the probability of death. The method comprises the mortality tables of pre-industrial societies with no access to health care system from all over the world. On account of the difficulty in indicating the sex of children, a new model has been created that is based on 167 tables; as its input data the following indices have been used: juvenility index (JI = D5–14/D20–ω), P (P = D5–19/D5–ω) and the average age of people over 20 years old (a20). The authors have analysed site 12 (Oborniki County) of the biritual burial grounds of the Wielbark Culture. The site has been comprehensively researched, so theoretically there is a complete picture of the population. The early medieval burial site in Kałdus has been analysed in the similar way, which made it possible to compare the results of site no 12 with the cemetery where only the skeleton rite was used. The results have been presented in Table 1 and illustrated with Diagrams 2 and 3. The indices for the site in Kowalewko are: JI = 0.286; P = 0.337; and a20 = 34.2. The probability of children’s death aged 0–5 years is 548‰ for the stationary population and 490‰ for the stable population. The probability of a newborn’s death is about 300‰ in both models, which seems typical of the pre-industrial populations. The indices JI and P for the site in Kowalewko are quite high in comparison to the model data of e0 = 20 years (Model ‘West’), which equals 0.16. The high value may result from a significant increase in population, but it also occurs in catastrophic profiles. It may also be a result of underestimating the population, in the case of the Wielbark Culture – by an inferior number of men compared to women. Higher values of these coefficients may be the result of a significant increase of fertility or catastrophic events. They also can be a result of underestimating the number of individuals on the cemetery. It allows to bypass the problem of underestimation of children. In the case of the Wielbark Culture it seems that part of the males were buried outside the cemetery or in a way that does not allow a credible anthropological analysis (for example cremation). The disproportion between the number of women and men indicates a significant underestimation of the adults on the cemetery in Kowalewko. The differences in results of probability of death between the sites in Kowalewko and Kałdus can be explained by different fertility or environmental stress. However, it seems more likely that they are the result of disturbances in the representation of different age categories on the cemeteries. Palaeodemographic research on the Wielbark Culture is very difficult and it is not always possible to obtain reliable results. The main problems of that kind of research include poor state of bones preservation, cremation and cultural influences. As an effect in palaeodemographic research we miss a big part of the population. As a consequence, the conclusions about palaeodemographic structures may contain errors.

19

Roman denarii in the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures

63%

Zapolska A.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

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2008

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vol. 52

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issue 2(186)

139-165

PL

Denary oraz inne monety srebrne należą do rzadkości wśród znalezisk z terenów kultury bogaczewskiej i sudowskiej. Wśród przeważającej masy sesterców stanowią niewielki procent wszystkich znalezisk. Znajdowane były przede wszystkim na cmentarzyskach (w grobach oraz luźno na powierzchni) i skarbach. Sporadycznie występowały na terenie osad. W znaleziskach grobowych występują, podobnie jak sesterce, wraz z zabytkami typowymi dla późnego okresu wpływów rzymskich. Są to również najczęściej monety bite w I i II wieku po Chr., co sugeruje, że napłynęły w tym samym czasie, co monety brązowe. W znaleziskach gromadnych mogą występować wraz z monetami brązowymi (np. depozyt ze Skandawy) lub w skarbach jednorodnych. W tym przypadku pula monet srebrnych również pokrywa się z pulą monet brązowych - przeważają tu monety bite za panowania dynastii Antoninów, a najstarsze emitowane były za panowania Wespazjana. Przyczyną występowania denarów w kręgu zachodniobałtyjskim były najprawdopodobniej kontakty plemion zachodniobałtyjskich z germańskimi sąsiadami - przedstawicielami kultury wielbarskiej. Pod uwagę należy również wziąć możliwość, że napływ monet srebrnych na tereny kultury bogaczewskiej i sudowskiej mógł odbywać się za pośrednictwem Sambii, gdzie denary napłynąć mogły ze Skandynawii.

EN

Since the majority of coins found on the territory of the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures are sestertii, the bulk of silver coins sum up to only a few percent of all coin finds. They have been discovered mainly on the cemetries (in graves and as surface finds) and in hoards. They have been scarcely found in settlements. Grave finds yielded silver coins, just like sestertii, along with other artefacts charactersitic for late Roman period. The fact that all these silver coins and sestertii are dated to 1st to 2nd century A.D. suggests that they could have come simultanously. Silver coins have appeared both in homogenous hoards and together with copper-alloy coins, as in the case of Scandava and other collective finds. The bulk of silver coins from collective finds is also similar to the bulk of copper-alloy coins: the oldest coins are dated to Vespasian’s reign and the majority of coins are dated to the Antonines period. Denarii appeared in the West Balts circle as a result of the contacts between the Balt tribes and the representatives of German tribes from the Wielbark culture. We should also consider another direction of the influx of denarii to the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures, i.e. through Sambia, where they could have come from Scandinavia (2 maps, 3 tables, 6 diagrams).

20

Ozdoby stroju wykonane z paciorków w kulturze wielbarskiej

63%

Żyto K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2018

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issue 33

75-92

EN

The main purpose of the article is to present various forms of costume decoration in Wielbark culture. The analysis was based on well-known burials with an intact arrangement of monuments in the burial cavern. On this basis, decorations made of beads were highlighted. In addition to the necklaces that adorned the area of the neck and chest, vertical compositions are particularly noteworthy, in which the beads were discovered in a line from the level of the neck to the waist level. In addition, beads were used to trim robes in the form of applications. Another type are beads decorating belt and sachets or purses.

PL

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Roman denarii in the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures

Ozdoby stroju wykonane z paciorków w kulturze wielbarskiej