Search results

1

Odbudowa i przebudowa kościoła parafialnego św. Klemensa w Wieliczce w X IX w. i wkład finansowy Saliny w jego restaurację

100%

Rzepka L.

Folia Historica Cracoviensia

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1999

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vol. 6

EN

From the 15th century the parish provided pastoral care for miners from the Wieliczka salt mine, in exchange for which the mine board paid salt fees (since ca. 1703 in cash) to the provost and was obliged to participate in the church's upkeep costs. In 1772 the obligations were taken over by the Austrian administrators of the Wieliczka mine, hence the participation of the Salt Mine Board in the costs of reconstructing the church following the destruction caused by the subterranean tremor in the 1780s.

PL

Od XIV w. parafia obejmowała opieką duszpasterską górników żupy wielickiej, w zamian za co zarząd żupy wypłacał pensje solne (od ok. 1703 r. pieniężne) proboszczowi i zobowiązany był współuczestniczyć w kosztach utrzymania kościoła. Zobowiązania te zostały w 1772 roku przejęte przez austriacką administrację saliny wielickiej, stąd też Zarząd Salinarny partycypował w kosztach odbudowy kościoła po zniszczeniach, spowodowanych w latach osiemdziesiątych XVIII w., wstrząsami podziemnymi.

2

Ogólnopolska Sesja Konserwatorska w Kopalni Soli w Wieliczce

94%

Gaczoł A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1987

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issue 3

222-223

3

Katastrofalny wyciek słodkiej wody w poprzeczni Kloski w wielickiej kopalni soli w 1868 roku. Reminiscencje społeczne

84%

Skubisz M.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2020

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vol. 34

82-179

EN

The sudden leak of fresh water in the Kloski cross-cut at level V of the Wieliczka mine in 1868 was the beginning of the struggle against forces of nature, which lasted 11 years. Quite quickly, the lower parts of the mine were filled with water; there was also a realistic threat of flooding of the remaining excavations, emergence of rock slides and surface subsidence. Efforts were made to prevent further damages; unfortunately, the early attempts to eliminate the outflow turned out unsuccessful. Experts came to Wieliczka to decide how to protect the mine against further losses or even overall liquidation. Steam engines and pumps of high capacity were introduced to gradually remove water from the flooded chambers and galleries. However, when it seemed that the situation was under control, another sudden outflow of water took place in the Kloski cross-cut and then in the Colloredo 2 cross-cut. Ultimately, the outflow was blocked by spontaneous clamping of the previously discovered caverns Information on the threat to the mine and to Wieliczka itself gained great publicity in the former lands of Poland and even far from its borders. Initially, the local and foreign press provided reports on the situation in the Wieliczka mine almost every day. In response, the general public showed great interest in the issue, expressed – among other things – by letters and telegrams sent to the Wieliczka saltworks both by amateurs and professionals, advising the authorities on how to eliminate the leak. The threat to the mine and the people working in it exerted substantial impact on the Wieliczka inhabitants, who feared for their jobs and houses. This purely technical and mining event was unexpectedly reflected in literature and art. Sketches, drawings, graphic prints and oil paintings were created. As a votive offering for saving of the Wieliczka mine from flooding with fresh water flowing out of the Kloski cross-cut, the Chapel of Holy Cross was constructed at level II of the mine.

PL

Gwałtowny wyciek słodkiej wody w poprzeczni Kloski na V poziomie wielickiej kopalni w 1868 r. zapoczątkował walkę z żywiołem, która trwała 11 lat. Dość szybko dolne partie kopalni zostały wypełnione wodą, istniało też realne zagrożenie zalania pozostałych wyrobisk, powstania obwałów i zapadlisk powierzchniowych. Starano się nie dopuścić do dalszych zniszczeń, niestety pierwsze próby zatamowania wypływu okazały się nieudane. Do Wieliczki przybywali eksperci, którzy mieli zdecydować, jak uchronić kopalnię przed dalszymi stratami, a nawet całkowitą likwidacją. Sprowadzono maszyny parowe i pompy o dużej mocy, by stopniowo usuwać wodę z zatopionych komór i chodników. Kiedy wydawało się, że sytuacja została opanowana, doszło jednak do ponownego gwałtownego wypływu wody w poprzeczni Kloski, a później w poprzeczni Colloredo 2. Ostatecznie wypływ został zatamowany wskutek samoczynnego zaciskania się odkrytych wcześniej kawern. Informacje o zagrożeniu kopalni i samej Wieliczki odbiły się szerokim echem na ziemiach dawnej Polski, a nawet daleko poza jej granicami. Prasa lokalna i zagraniczna początkowo niemal codziennie dostarczała informacji o sytuacji w wielickiej kopalni. Spotkało się to z wielkim zainteresowaniem i szerokim odzewem społecznym, który wyrażał się m.in. przesyłaniem do saliny wielickiej – zarówno przez fachowców, jak i amatorów – licznych telegramów oraz listów z radami, mającymi pomóc w zatamowaniu wycieku. Zagrożenie dla kopalni, a co za tym idzie dla pracujących w niej ludzi, miało też duży wpływ na mieszkańców Wieliczki, którzy obawiali się o źródło utrzymania oraz o swoje domy. Opisane wydarzenie z zakresu techniki, górnictwa nieoczekiwanie znalazło swe odzwierciedlenie w literaturze i sztuce. Tworzono szkice, rysunki, odbitki graficzne oraz obrazy olejne. Natomiast jako wotum za uratowanie wielickiej kopalni przed zalaniem słodkimi wodami wypływającymi z poprzeczni Kloski powstała na poziomie IIw kopalni kaplica św. Krzyża.

4

Przemiany otoczenia nadszybia szybu Daniłowicza i w Parku Kingi w Wieliczce

84%

Ochniak-Dudek K.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2015

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issue 30

7-32

EN

The paper focuses on reconstruction of changes occurring on the surface in the vicinity of the Wieliczka’s Daniłowicz Shaft from the beginning of its operation in the 17th century until the present times. It shows changes in the vicinity of the facility constituting, at the present moment, the most recognizable part of the above-ground infrastructure of the mine and the main place where tourist trac in Wieliczka is concentrated. It presents facilities which exist in the area between Daniłowicza Street (from the east) and Matejki Street and Kinga’s shaft headroom (from the west) and within the borders of plots belonging to the Wieliczka Salt Mine and Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka. It mentions a number of shaft-adjoining buildings, residential houses, an employee bathhouse (the so-called Saltworks Bathhouse), public toilets, green areas, landscape architecture, including the decorative fence from the side of Daniłowicza Street. The issue of foundation and development (since 1870) of the present-day Park of St. Kinga was brought to attention in the article. This landscape-type park, established by the saltworks company as a specic form of a patronage project, harmoniously combined various production, transport, residential and social functions. Open to the public, it has evolved towards a spa park model in relation to intense tourist trac and sanatorium activities. The article touches upon the contemporary conservation problems related to the complex of above-ground facilities, which should be carefully protected as integral elements of the cultural heritage of the historical salt mine in Wieliczka. Protection of cultural landscape of this type is a great challenge – in the past, several historical buildings were demolished and in place of the disassembled authentic building of the so-called Saltworks Bathhouse, a new structure was erected for hotel purposes, making references to the picturesque forms of architecture from the beginning of the 20th century.

5

Nadzór Starostwa Górniczego w Krakowie nad Kopalnią Soli w Wieliczce w latach 1872-1918

84%

Krokosz P.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2015

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issue 30

69-108

EN

Between 1860 and 1873, Galicia, which formed a part of the Habsburg Empire, received a number of social and political rights which remained in force until 1918 and became known in history as the period of “Galician Autonomy.” In 1871, the Minister of Galicia was appointed. The central state authorities were represented by an intendant (with the headquarters in Lvov), appointed by the emperor and subordinate to the government in Vienna; on the other hand, starosts from individual poviats and police directors were subject to the intendant. The chief local authority was the National Sejm, whereas the National School Council supervised education. Local government bodies were poviat and commune councils, elected locally. In 1869, Polish language was introduced as the official language of administration and courts in Galicia. The period of Galician Autonomy, so important for the entire Polish society that inhabited this crown-land (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria), was equally significant for the functioning of the Wieliczka Saltworks. Spatial development of the mine took place during the rule of the Austrian administration; changes were introduced in salt deposit exploitation, production and transport of extracted salt. These activities required provision of proper security measures for the personnel working in the mine and for the tourists visiting the designated section of underground pits. Issues related to social benefits for the mine personnel also played a significant role. All these aspects required supervision on the part of relevant instances of mining authorities, i.e. the Mining Starosty in Cracow (since 1871) and the District Mining Office subordinate to it. Throughout all the years of its functioning, the Mining Starosty performed all tasks contained in the act that established in it a very meticulous – and sometimes even pedantic – manner. Relevant activities referred primarily to permanent control of the mine with respect to compliance with safety standards, both underground and on the surface (verification of technical status of the haulage machines, fire-extinguishing equipment, etc.). The Mining Starosty supervised the activities of the Wieliczka “Brotherly Fund” (“Kasa Bracka”), a mining self-help cooperative and other organisations operating by the saltworks. Supervision over the mine, and in particular over explosives used during mining work, acquired special dimension before the outbreak of WWI, when the Mining Starosty was made liable for strict implementation of guidelines of political and military authorities. The mining institutions established in 1871 continued to operate after Poland regained its independence in 1918 and survived, sometimes in slightly changed forms, until the 1920’s.

6

Nazwy własne podziemnych wyrobisk w żupach krakowskich (XVI–XVIII w.)

84%

Horyń E.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Linguistica

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2021

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issue 16

84-94

EN

This paper is an attempt at describing proper names of underground salt excavations. Among the analysed terms, the most documented ones are commemorative names, which are based on anthroponyms – surnames and first names. A less numerous group is represented by names related to the location of the objects, point to their functions in the mine, or refer to physiographic features. Moreover, there are names of cultural or metaphorical character. These terms are varied both in terms of motivation and level of formality. The material for analysis comes from the texts of Instrukcje górnicze dla żup krakowskich z XVI–XVIII wieku.

7

Waloryzacja przestrzeni publicznych miasta. Studium przypadku Wieliczki

84%

Serafin P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2014

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issue 12(936)

95-111

PL

W artykule poddano analizie użytkowanie wybranych typów małomiasteczkowej przestrzeni publicznej – rynku, otoczenia muzeów (kopalni), parków, przestrzeni sakralnej, przestrzeni rekreacyjnej. Celem badań było oszacowanie wartości m.in. estetycznej, historycznej, emocjonalnej, rynkowej wyróżnionych przestrzeni oraz identyfikacja konfliktów przestrzennych zachodzących w ich otoczeniu na terenie jednego z bardziej rozpoznawalnych małych miast kraju – Wieliczki. W badaniach potwierdzona została mała wyrazistość badanych przestrzeni publicznych (z wyjątkiem Kopalni „Wieliczka”), które mogłyby nadawać tożsamości miastu i służyć powstawaniu więzi społeczności lokalnej.

EN

This article analyses the use of selected types of local public space – a market, museum areas (mines), parks, sacred spaces, and recreational spaces. The aim of the study was to estimate the value of aesthetic, historical, emotional, and highlighted market space and to identify spatial conflicts taking place in this environment, in one of Poland’s more well-known small cities – Wieliczka. This research confirms the lack of renown that small public spaces beyond the well-known mine have. Such spaces could give the city identity and serve to establish local community ties.

8

Wskaźnikowa ocena wartości estetycznej krajobrazu miejskiego na przykładzie centrum Wieliczki

84%

Kowalczyk K. A.

Space – Society – Economy

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2021

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issue 32

7-37

EN

Aesthetic landscape assessments are difficult studies, mostly based on subjective methods and hybrid research tools. The need for aesthetic landscape research derives from the care and concern not only for spatial order, but also for the quality of life and the of living, work and leisure environment. The landscape discussed in the article will be considered aesthetically in physiognomic terms as an perceived visual landscape. The first problem in the aesthetic assessments of landscape is the choice of the appropriate spatial unit that can reflect the real features of that landscape. It is postulated to use of landscape and urban enclosures designated according to the viewing and urban planning criteria as the basic units for the perception of the urban landscape. In the next part there will be a two-stage analysis of landscape and urban enclosures in terms of value and visual attractiveness. The fist stage is the identification and assessment of urban aesthetic landscapes – this indicator is used to assess the value of aesthetic urban landscape. The recommended groups of indicators include such landscape features as: colour and lighting, cleanliness and order, accessibility, functionality of enclosures resources, quality and technical condition, composition and arrangement, enclosures morphology and construction, decorativeness and urban furniture, proportionality of enclosures elements, spatiality (spaciousness), representativeness of the enclosures, diversity of enclosures resources, identity and symbolism, visibility as well as the compactness and coherence of enclosures walls. The second step is to specify the positive and negative landscape and aesthetic patterns in order to develop guidelines for the protection or improvement of the landscape with the highest and lowest values. In these studies, a view-composition analysis should be used based on the research methods and tools already available from the literature. The result of the research is a graphic design in the form of a choropleth map showing urban aesthetic landscapes and a series of guidelines for shaping and protecting the aesthetics of the landscape. The case study was based on the center of the town of Wieliczka, as it has the features typical of inner-city areas of small and medium-sized town in Poland. In the structure of the examined town center, 42 landscape and urban enclosures were determined based on the viewing and urban planning criteria. Among the best rated indicators there are those related to cleanliness and order, proportionality of enclosures elements, spatiality and accessibility, which are very often ascribed in geographical research (and not only) to the concept of spatial order. The enclosures with the highest rating are located in the central and northern part of the center of Wieliczka, covering the historic urban complex and a sequence of enclosures along the most important communication artery in the town. The lowest aesthetic rating was given to the enclosures located on the outskirts of the center. They are characterized by the dominance of the communication function (parking lots) with no or a cut line of buildings with a fairly free arrangement. In the article, the composition and viewing analysis was carried out for one of the highest-rated enclosure – Skulimowski Square. This enclosure creates an exceptionally harmonious landscape with a share of disharmonious objects not exceeding 1% of the enclosure view. The research emphasized the special function of tall greenery as a form binding the enclosure composition and building walls and “sealing” gaps in the coherence of the building line. The method is a proposal and a voice in the discussion on the identification of aesthetic landscapes in urban space, fitting into research on the landscape of the city in the physiognomic and aesthetic trend in geography (especially socio-economic geography and spatial management).

PL

Oceny estetyczne krajobrazu są badaniami trudnymi, opartymi przeważnie na subiektywnych metodach i hybrydowych narzędziach badawczych. Potrzeba badań estetycznych krajobrazu wyrasta z dbałości i troski nie tylko o ład przestrzenny, ale także o jakość życia oraz środowiska zamieszkania, pracy i wypoczynku. Omawiany w artykule krajobraz rozpatrywany będzie w ujęciu estetycznym w kategoriach fizjonomicznych jako percypowany krajobraz wizualny. Pierwszym problem w ocenach estetycznych krajobrazu jest wybór właściwej jednostki przestrzennej mogącej oddać rzeczywiste cechy krajobrazu. W artykule postuluje się wykorzystanie jako podstawowych jednostek dla percepcji krajobrazu miejskiego wnętrz krajobrazowo-urbanistycznych wyznaczonych według kryteriów widokowego i urbanistycznego. W kolejnej części przeprowadzona zostanie dwuetapowa analiza wnętrz krajobrazowo-urbanistycznych pod względem wartości i atrakcyjności wizualnej. Pierwszym etapem jest identyfikacja i ocena miejskich krajobrazów estetycznych – temu służyć ma wskaźnikowa ocena wartości estetycznej krajobrazu miejskiego. Wśród zalecanych grup wskaźników znalazły się takie cechy krajobrazu jak: barwność i oświetlenie, czystość i porządek, dostępność wnętrza, funkcjonalność zasobów wnętrza, jakość i stan techniczny wnętrza, kompozycja i rozplanowanie, morfologia i budowa wnętrza, ozdobność i umeblowanie, proporcjonalność elementów wnętrza, przestrzenność (przestronność) wnętrza, reprezentatywność wnętrza, różnorodność zasobów wnętrza, tożsamość i symboliczność, widoczność oraz zwartość i spoistość ścian wnętrza. Drugim etapem jest wyszczególnienie negatywnych i pozytywnych wzorców krajobrazowo-estetycznych dla wypracowania wytycznych w celu ochrony lub poprawy krajobrazu o najwyższych i najniższych ocenach. W badaniach tych należy zastosować analizę widokowo-kompozycyjną (przy wykorzystaniu fotografii widoku lub panoramy) w oparciu o dostępne już metody i narzędzia badawcze pochodzące z literatury. Wynikiem badań jest opracowanie graficzne w postaci kartogramu pokazującego miejskie krajobrazy estetyczne oraz serii wytycznych odnośnie kształtowania i ochrony estetyki krajobrazu. Studium przypadku oparto na centrum miasta Wieliczki, gdyż posiada cechy typowe dla obszarów śródmiejskich miast małych i średnich w Polsce. W strukturze badanego centrum miasta w oparciu o kryteria widokowe i urbanistyczne wyznaczono 42 wnętrza krajobrazowo-urbanistyczne. W badaniach najwyższe oceny wartości estetycznej uzyskały wnętrza placowe, następnie parkowe, na końcu uliczne. Wśród wskaźników najlepiej ocenianych znalazły się te związane z „czystością i porządkiem”, „proporcjonalnością elementów wnętrza”, „przestrzennością wnętrza” i „dostępnością”, które bardzo często przypisywane są w badaniach geograficznych (i nie tylko) pojęciu „ładu przestrzennego”. Wnętrza z najwyższą oceną zlokalizowane są w centralnej i północnej części centrum Wieliczki obejmując swym zasięgiem historyczny zespół urbanistyczny i ciąg wnętrz wzdłuż ważniejszej arterii komunikacyjnej w mieście. Najniższą ocenę estetyczną uzyskały wnętrza zlokalizowane na obrzeżach centrum. Cechują się one dominacją funkcji komunikacyjnej (parkingi) z brakiem lub pociętą linią zabudowy o dość swobodnym rozplanowaniu. W artykule analizę kompozycyjno-widokową przeprowadzono dla jednego z wnętrz o najwyższej ocenie – plac Skulimowskiego. Wnętrze tego placu miejskiego tworzy wyjątkowo harmonijny krajobraz z nieprzekraczającym 1% widoku wnętrza udziałem obiektów dysharmonijnych. W badaniach uwydatniła się szczególna funkcja zieleni wysokiej jako formy wiążącej kompozycję wnętrz oraz budującej ściany i „plombującej” luki w spójności linii zabudowy. Metoda stanowi propozycję i głos w dyskusji na temat identyfikacji krajobrazów estetycznych w przestrzeni miejskiej wpisując się w kierunek krajobrazowy badań nad miastem w nurcie fizjonomiczno-estetycznym na gruncie geografii (szczególnie geografii społeczno-ekonomicznej i gospodarki przestrzennej).

9

Rewitalizacja nadszybia szybu „Górsko” w kopalni soli „Wieliczka”

83%

Kokot B., d’Obyrn K., Kucharz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2012

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issue 3-4

37-42

EN

The article presents the historical context of the shaft top of mineshaft “Górsko” in the “Wieliczka” Salt Mine, the current condition of the building, and planned adaptation of the closed shaft top facility for service purposes. Construction works comprise operations to eliminate the destructive factors, stop the process of decay, restate the full aesthetical value of the elevation, and enable full use of the building.

10

Z działalności sportowej i wojskowej Polskiego Towarzystwa Gimnastycznego „Sokół” w Wieliczce w latach 1892–1939 (1948). Cz. 1

71%

Krokosz P.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2018

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vol. 7

22-45

PL

The article is devoted to the sports and military activities of the Polish Gymnastic Association „Sokół” in Wieliczka in years 1892–1939 (1948). The statutory activity of the organizationwas conducting gymnastics exercises for its members and pupils of local schools. In „Sokół” many other sports disciplines were present, including cycling, soccer, or tennis. Before World War I the Permanent Sokół Teams – military troops – were formed in the organization. In 1914 members of the Permanent Sokół Teams were included in the Polish Legions of Józef Piłsudski and took part in front battles. The Polish Gymnastic Association „Sokół” in Wieliczka was also the initiator of local scouting and subsequently the Association took care of scouting. After World War II, the organization resumed its activity for a short time. In 1948 the communistauthorities forbade the Polish Gymnastic Association „Sokół” in Wieliczka conducting its activity and the same year the organization was finally abolished. It should be emphasized thatduring the years of its existence „Sokół” in Wieliczka played a leading role in sports and independence activity in the city.

11

Z dziejów konserwacji zabytków na terenie Wieliczki

71%

Gaczoł A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1992

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issue 4

341-353

EN

The 700th anniversary of granting civic rights to Wieliczka inspired a closer look at the history of protection and conservation of Wieliczka historical monuments. Conservation traditions in Wieliczka go back to the late 19th century, when St Sebastian's church, built in the 16th c. of larch wood, was renovated. The church was the only object, apart from the famous Salt Mine, which for centuries had been associated by the inhabitants of Wieliczka with the wealth and power of Poland from the times before partitions. The conservation was initiated and nearly completely financed by the citizens, organized in the Committee for the Protection of St Sebastian's Church. Extensive renovation works were supervised by Sławomir Odrzywolski, an architect and conservation specialist. One of the participants was Włodzimierz Tetmajer, a painter and writer, a wall-know representative of the artistic trend called „The Young Poland" (Art Nouveau). Between the world wars the management of the Salt Mine and the Cracow Voivodship Monument Conservation Office undertook a renovation and re-gothicization of the fourteenth-century defensive tower preserved near the Salt Mine Castle complex. The works were planned by an outstanding architect and conservation specialist, Zygmunt Hendel, and supervised by architect Henryk Jasieński. In the years 1 9 4 5 -1 9 8 0 the most important problem in Wieliczka in this field was to save the remains of the central wing of the mediaeval Salt Mine Castle, which for centuries had been the seat of the Mine managers. The so-called ,,House-in-the-Mine" was ruined by explosions of Soviet air bombs in January 1945. The initial plan was to leave the Castle's fragments as a socalled „permanent ruin", but in 1958 the voivodship monument conserver, Dr Hanna Pieńkowska, decided that it should be rebuilt. In 1966 Professor Alfons Długosz, a painter and photographer, the initiator of the Cracow Salt Mines Museum, proposed to adapt the Castle for a museum. Eighteen years after Dr Pieńkowska's decision (after overcoming numerous difficulties which are elaborated on in the article) Cracow conservation Workshop started the work. The reconstruction of the House- -in-the-Mine took 8 years. In 1985 three permanent exposition were opened in the Castle interiors: an archaeological one, a historical one and an exhibition of saltcellars from the Cracow Salt Mine Museum collection. After World War II several projects of a complete revival of the historical centre of Wieliczka were prepared. The arrangement of the „town at the Great Salt" goes back to the 13th c. The original oval arrangement around a market place was replaced in the times of king Casimir the Great (mid 14th c.) by the chessboard plan, which has survived until the present moment. In 1968 Wieliczka was included into the list of 17 most valuable urban complexes in Poland, which the then authorities wanted to reconstruct and bring back to the state of splendour. This action did not cause the expected results. After 1974, due to organizational chaos following the new administrative division of the country, new housing quarters in Wieliczka were built in the way that degraded the historical spatial arrangement. In the centre large and intrusive buildings such as a supermarket, a post office and a restaurant with a big parking place were situated. At the end of 70s a plan of the development of the Cracow urban complex was worked out and accepted. It assumed that Wieliczka would be incorporated into nearby Cracow. In the years 1980-1983 a very detailed study devoted to the history and conservation problems of Wieliczka, commissioned by the Voivodship Monument Conserver, was prepared. Its authors, Z. Beiersdorf and B. Krasnowolski, formulated some generals rules useful in creating new town plans and in the conservation of individual historical objects in Wieliczka. It is worth stressing that there are nearly 300 of such objects in the town. In the years 1 984-1986 architect A. Dobrowolski from the Office of the Development of Cracow, also commissioned by the Voivodship Monument Conserved, prepared a plan of conservation and adaptation of the Old Town in Wieliczka. The plan was based on historical studies and preserved most of the town's culturalł values. It also specified the criteria of its realization in the changing conditions of Polish social life and economy. The author of the article points out that the complicated process of full conservation of a historical urban complex requires long and costly work. It should be preceded by reconstructing the significance of the town as a synonym of a community with history-based structure. In the case of Wieliczka it means reconstructing the consciousness of a community living in a town with 700 years of history, a town which, thanks to the magnificent Salt Mine - included into UNESCO's first List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1978 - attracts numerous visitors from Poland and from abroad.

12

DR JÓZEF PIOTROWICZ HISTORYK, MUZEALNIK (1930-2014)

71%

Międzobrodzka M.

Muzealnictwo

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2015

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vol. 56

48-51

XX

Józef Piotrowicz, humanities scholar, historian and museum curator, died on 2 May, 2014. Born in Bochnia and educated in a milieu of outstanding Cracow historians, he graduated from the department of history and philology at the Jagiellonian University in 1954. After eight years of work at the National Museum in Krakow as a researcher at the Czartoryski Library, in 1962 he transferred to the Cracow Saltworks Museum, which was then extending its academic departments. Piotrowicz was Director of the History Department. Thus, he combined his passion for research with exhibition-oriented activities.Piotrowicz’s research focused primarily on the origins of salt mining, its periodisation, normative acts, as well as the significance of medieval salt conferrals to convents and other churchinstitutions in Poland. Moreover, the questions of European salt mining and Wieliczka’s and Bochnia’s local history fell also within his scope of interests. He organised numerous academic sessions, spoke at international conferences of European mining historians and was a frequent visitor to mining museums. Piotrowicz was the creator of the Museum’s first permanent exhibitions, both the underground display and the Saltworks Castle collections, as well as a number of temporary exhibitions, including those presented abroad. He contributed greatly to the process of justifying why the Wieliczka Salt Mine should be included on the UNESCO World Heritage list, oversaw the reconstruction and functioning of the Saltworks Castle complex, and authored the academic commentary to the edition of the Cracow saltworks’ description from 1518, a text recently added to the first Polish National List of UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme. An excellent and erudite scholar and populariser, Piotrowicz was able to establish contact with virtually anybody, regardless of their professional or social background; conversations with him were true intellectual adventures. His passion was contagious.

PL

2 maja 2014 r. zmarł Józef Piotrowicz – humanista, historyk, muzealnik. Urodzony w Bochni, wychowany w środowisku wybitnych krakowskich historyków, w 1954 r. ukończył studia historyczne i filologiczne na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. Po 8 latach pracy w Muzeum Narodowym w Krakowie w charakterze pracownika naukowego Biblioteki Czartoryskich, w 1962 r. przeszedł do rozbudowującego wówczas swe działy merytoryczne Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka. Był kierownikiem Działu Historycznego. Łączył pasję badawczą z działalnością wystawienniczą. W badaniach naukowych skupił się na początkach górnictwa solnego, jego periodyzacji, aktach prawnych oraz znaczeniu średniowiecznych nadań solnych dla klasztorów i instytucji kościelnych w Polsce. W kręgu Jego zainteresowań znalazły się także zagadnienia solnictwa europejskiego, dzieje Wieliczki i Bochni. Dużo publikował. Był organizatorem sesji naukowych oraz prelegentem międzynarodowych konferencji historyków górnictwa europejskiego, bywalcem muzeów górniczych. Przygotował pierwsze wystawy stałe Muzeum realizowane w ekspozycji podziemnej i w Zamku Żupnym oraz wiele wystaw czasowych, w tym prezentowane za granicą. Wniósł znaczący wkład w uzasadnienie wniosku o wpisanie kopalni wielickiej na listę zabytków UNESCO, sprawował nadzór merytoryczny nad odbudową i funkcją kompleksu Zamku Żupnego, był autorem naukowego komentarza do edycji opisu żup krakowskich z 1518 r. – tekstu wpisanego ostatnio na pierwszą Polską Listę Krajową Programu UNESCO „Pamięć Świata”. Znakomity popularyzator i erudyta posiadał dar nawiązywania kontaktu i współpracy z każdym, niezależnie od pozycji zawodowej czy społecznej, a rozmowa z Nim była zawsze intelektualną przygodą. Zarażał swoją pasją.

13

OBECNOŚĆ WOJSK ROSYJSKICH W BOCHNI I WIELICZCE W 1914 ROKU.

71%

Krokosz P.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

|

2015

|

vol. 1

128-153

PL

In August 1914 the First World War began. Austro-Hungarian troops, reinforced by the German units, joined the military operations against Russia. In the autumn of this year, the Russian Army launched the offensive aimed at Krakow, which was at that time the mighty fortied stronghold. Before the Russians arrived in Krakow, they occupied Bochnia and Wieliczka for a short time. The mining towns were extremely important in regard of economy. The threeweeks stay of the Russian soldiers in Bochnia went by under the mark of plunders, murders and rapes. The Russian command also proceeded to start up the Bochnia salt mine. The situation was similar in Wieliczka, but there they were not able to start the salt production. In December 1914 the Russian units were forced out from Krakow and displaced from Wieliczka and Bochnia. However short, the Russian’s presence was managed to be permanently engraved on the memory of the inhabitants of both cities.

14

Religijność jako jeden z elementów dziedzictwa kulturowego górniczej Wieliczki

67%

Stabrawa-Powęska K.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2020

|

vol. 34

182-235

EN

The issue of heritage, the attempts at determining its essence and its present-day role is a subject broadly discussed by researchers and practitioners – various research orientations define it differently. The author of this paper presents examples of religiousness of Wieliczka miners as an element of cultural heritage of this group, characteristic for the community, as well as its various manifestations, both tangible and intangible. The author deals with most typical and visible forms of religiousness, which have their source in mining traditions. The issue is worth attention due to multi-century history of the place, hard work of miners and preservation of the forms of worship at the moment of transformation of the facility from an industrial mine to a tourist location. The author discusses selected examples that are the most characteristic elements of the traditions of Wieliczka miners with the aim of show their present-day validity.

PL

Zagadnienie dziedzictwa, próby określenie czym jest i jaką odgrywa rolę współcześnie, jest tematem szeroko poruszanym przez badaczy i praktyków – różne orientacje badawcze definiują je nieco inaczej. W niniejszej pracy zostaną zaprezentowane przykłady religijności górników wielickich, jako elementu dziedzictwa kulturowego tej grupy charakterystycznego dla tej społeczności oraz jej różne przejawy, zarówno niematerialne, jak i materialne. W artykule zostaną uwzględnione przede wszystkim zachowane najbardziej typowe i widoczne współcześnie formy religijności mające źródła w tradycjach górniczych. Zagadnienie to jest warte uwagi ze względu na wielowiekową historię Wieliczki, trud pracy górników oraz ciągłe trwanie form kultu w momencie przekształcenia obiektu z przedsiębiorstwa w miejsce turystyczne. W pracy zostaną omówione wybrane przykłady, będące najbardziej charakterystycznymi elementami tradycji wielickich górników, w celu wykazania ich aktualności

15

Wyniki inwentaryzacji i badań nieinwazyjnych kopców ziemnych na stanowiskach Bochnia 120 i Łapczyca 90 w kontekście problemu występowania kurhanów na lessach wielicko-bocheńskich

67%

Fraś J. M., Materna M.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2020

|

vol. 34

236-297

EN

In the first part of the paper, the authors present the history of studies, in particular on mounds and mound cemeteries in the area of the Wieliczka and Wiśnicz Foothills and areas adjoining them in the north, namely the Cracow and Bochnia Foothills. Subsequently, the authors tackle new discoveries in the area of vast forest complexes, related to the possibility of using modern technologies. In particular, this refers to the making of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data available. Presumed mound cemeteries in Bochnia-Kolanów, site No. 120 and in Łapczyca, site No. 90, were discussed in detail. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated for them, and subsequently, geo-magnetic and soil survey studies were carried out. As a result of field surveys and the above-listed studies, fourteen possible mounds were identified at site No. 120 in Bochnia-Kolanów and thirty-five at site No. 90 in Łapczyca. The performed work is preparatory with respect to the planned excavation studies which are meant to confirm the chronology of the discovered sites.

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu została przedstawiona historia badań w szczególności nad kopcami i cmentarzyskami kurhanowymi na obszarze Pogórza Wielickiego i Wiśnickiego wraz z przylegającymi do nich od północy: Przedgórzem Krakowskim i Bocheńskim. Następnie poruszono zagadnienia nowych odkryć na terenach rozległych kompleksów leśnych związanych z możliwością wykorzystania nowoczesnych technologii. Dotyczy to przede wszystkim udostępnienia danych LiDAR (ang. Light Detection and Ranging). Szerzej omówione zostały domniemane cmentarzyska kurhanowe w Bochni-Kolanowie, stan. 120 i Łapczycy, stan. 90. Stworzony został dla nich Numeryczny Model Terenu, a następnie przeprowadzono badania geomagnetyczne oraz gleboznawcze. W wyniku prospekcji terenowych oraz wspomnianych badań zidentyfikowano 14 możliwych kopców na stanowisku 120 w Bochni-Kolanowie i 35 na stanowisku 90 w Łapczycy. Poczynione prace mają charakter przygotowawczy przed planowanymi badaniami wykopaliskowymi mającymi potwierdzić chronologię odkrytych stanowisk.

16

Zamek Żupny w Wieliczce – historia i architektura

67%

Ochniak-Dudek K.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2012

|

vol. 28

91-114

XX

The Wieliczka Saltworks Castle has been developing since the 13th century in direct vicinity of a shaft hollowed out in search of salt. It is an example of medieval defence construction, closely related to the history of the state mining enterprise, i.e. the Cracow Saltworks in Poland before the partitions. The salt mine, bringing together the salt works and salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia under one management, was the largest Polish enterprise and one of the largest in Europe. The castle was the seat of the management until 1945 when its central section was destroyed by bombs. After renovations, it houses the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka, conducting studies on the salt heritage on the basis of the historical book collection, the salt works archives and valuable cartographic resources of the salt works. The complex of the castle consists of three main structures: the central one, the so-called the House within the Saltworks (end of the 13th – 17th century, 20th century) housing an impressive Gothic hall with a reconstructed vault supported on a central pillar, the northern one – the Saltworks House (built between the 14th and the 15 century with the use of defence wall from the end of the 13th century, rebuilt between the 16th and the 20th century) and the southern one (1834 – 1836, 20th century). The complex also encompasses the reserve of the mining shaft from the middle of the 13th century, secured ruins of the saltworks kitchen, and fragments of defence walls with a tower. The preserved facilities of the Saltworks Castle constitute a unique complex with historical values important for world heritage, which is an interesting example of medieval development, remodelled during Renaissance, Baroque and in the modern times. The untypical character of the castle with economic and administrative functions, as well as representative, and, to a lesser degree, residential functions, provides it with a unique position. The absence of comparable complexes in Poland (with respect to scale and type) and an extended period (of several hundred years) of direct relation to an industrial enterprise distinguishes the Wieliczka facility also among few similar European complexes preserved to this day. The article analyses, in a comparative manner, the individual facilities from the area of Slovakia, Austria and France.

17

Opis trasy turystycznej Kopalni Soli Wieliczka w świetle opracowania Jana Nepomucena oraz ludwika Emanuela Hrdinów z 1842 roku

67%

Konwerska B.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2017

|

vol. 32

10-68

XX

Geschichte der Wieliczkaer Saline is a unique source for every researcher who is learning about the history, geology and mining technique of the Wieliczka salt mine. The authors, professionally connected and obviously fascinated by the Wieliczka mine, created its full picture, taking into consideration all the aspects of everyday life of a salt business. The versatility of the 1842 publication is strongly evidenced by the last part of the monograph − Beschreibung der Werkwürdigkeiten des Wieliczkaer Steinsaltzwerkes als Leitfaden bei der gewühnlichen Gasttour− prepared by Ludwig Emanuel as an appendix presenting the tourist route of that time. The entire work of the Hrdina brothers, which consists of texts, lithographs and maps, brings us closer to the multilayered picture of the history of the Wieliczka salt mine until the first half of the 19th century. The text of this appendix, its lithographs and maps form a specific guide which contains not only a description of the then route, but, above all, guidelines for “strangers” planning to visit the Wieliczka salt mine. This collection could function, independently from the 1842 study, as an individual book dedicated to masses of tourists coming to Wieliczka. This illustrated material allowed visitors not only to consolidate and organise their memories, but it also enabled all those who had never reached the Wieliczka mine to familiarise themselves with the underground picturesque world, with its peculiarity and mysteries. It is therefore not surprising that until 1892, when Awit Szubert took the first black and white photographs of the Wieliczka mine interiors, the drawings prepared by the Hrdina brothers and their detailed description of the tourist route were the most frequently used information and illustrative materials for numerous national and foreign publications about Wieliczka. Before 1892, the management board would answer each query concerning the mine’s interior images with recommendations to use the lithographs by Ludwig Emanuel Hrdina and John of Nepomuk. The authors of the 1842 monograph not only managed to capture the exceptional picture of the Wieliczka salt mine, but they also succeeded in recording a rare phenomenon of the 19th century − an underground tourism. What is more, the uniqueness of the Wieliczka salt mine lies in the fact that it is one of the oldest tourist attractions in Poland, as well as one of the first fully organised tourist destinations. It is important to remember that in the 19th century partitioned Poland, over 100 museums were established. Most of them were founded in the second half of the 19th century, when the Wieliczka mine had already introduced a well-organised and well-functioning system of first fees for visitors. In January 1868 the salt mine authorities announced the first tariff in the history of Wieliczka tourism. They used attractions originally prepared for special, crowned guests. Purchased tickets involved lighting of the underground route and aforementioned additional attractions. It is worth adding that in the second half of the 19th century Austrian salt mine administration established, apart from the underground tourist route, Museum of the Mining School − an educational centre with scientific support and a small exposition of souvenirs in the building of the Rudolf’s shaft top, commemorating personalities visiting the mine. At the very end of the 19th century these meticulously gathered elements were located in the Salt Mine Museum in the so-called Sztygarówka building. Finally, it should be noted that the tourist route, once accepted by the Austrian authorities, to a certain extent has been operating to this day. Naturally, over these 200 years its reach and character have changed significantly. Today’s underground route includes more than 40 chambers. This is twice the number of the route from the first half of the 19th century. Another important aspect is that over the past few years decorations of individual mine workings have changed. This can be most easily seen in the Drozdowice Chamber, where a wooden pillar and cribs were built during the years 1900- 1901. It is worth noting that the then route did not include the most famous underground chapel in the world, the Chapel of St. Kinga. Its first foundations were laid around 1895. Nonetheless, the modern tourist route occupies the same area as the one from the first half of the 19th century, i.e. the mine workings concentrated around the Daniłowicz Shaft. As a result, part of those intended for visitors in the first half of the 19th century is also available for tourists coming to Wieliczka today. These include the Daniłowicz Shaft, the Antonia Shaft, chambers of Urszula, Michałowice, Drozdowice, Józef Piłsudski (formerly the Rosetti/Majer chambers), Pieskowa Skała, Sielec, Spalona and St Anthony’s Chapel. Certainly, their interiors are quite different today. What is important, however, both today and in the Austrian times tourists visited the same part of the mine, which by its hosts was considered the most elegant and representative of the history of the Wieliczka salt mine. For nearly 250 years, since the Austrians introduced the first tourist route, significant and irreversible changes in the mine’s layout and design have taken place. All the descriptions and accounts that have been preserved from the old times give us a picture of the mine workings and the scope of services provided. In this context, the 1842 publication and its illustrations should be regarded as invaluable.

18

Badania archeologiczne prowadzone przez muzeum żup krakowskich Wieliczka w roku 2017

67%

Fraś J. M.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2019

|

vol. 33

262-285

EN

The study indicates discoveries made by employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka in 2017, that contribute to larger, comprehensive analyses. In the described year, surveys were conducted on site 43 in Bochnia–Chodenice. Research resulted in identification of new historical artefacts dated at the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age. The largest quantity of findings is assigned to the Lengyel–Polgár cultures. The identified historical objects also represent the Linear Band Pottery culture, the Mierzanowice and Lusatian cultures. All findings are considered and analysed in the context of salt making by brine evaporation, a method common in prehistory in the Wieliczka and Bochnia region The materials discovered over seasons on the site located in Bochnia–Chodenice principally give a new insight into the topic of salt making in Neolithic cultures. The most important findings originate from the Malice and Lublin–Volhynia cultures.

PL

Artykuł sygnalizuje odkrycia dokonane przez pracowników Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka w Wieliczce w roku 2017, które są przyczynkiem do większych całościowych opracowań. W opisywanym roku badania prowadzono na stanowisku 43 w Bochni Chodenicach. Doprowadziły one do identyfikacji kolejnych zabytków związanych z okresem mezolitu, neolitu oraz epoki brązu. Największa ilość znalezisk wiąże się z szeroko pojętym kręgiem lendzielsko–polgarskim. Ponadto identyfikowane są zabytki kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej, kultury mierzanowickiej oraz kultury łużyckiej. Wszystkie odkrycia rozpatrywane są w aspekcie rozpowszechnionego w pradziejach, w regionie wielicko–bicheńskim, pozyskiwania soli metodami warzelniczymi. Odkrycia dokonane w kolejnych sezonach na stanowisku w Bochni–Chodenicach wnoszą nowe spojrzenie przede wszystkim na problematykę warzelnictwa kultur neolitycznych. Do najistotniejszych należą ustalenia związane z kulturą malicką oraz kulturą lubelsko wołyńską.

19

Dzieje Szybu Regis

67%

Charkot J., Gawroński W.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2012

|

vol. 28

7-30

EN

The object of the study is the history of the oldest shaft – out of shafts that are still operating – of the Wieliczka Salt Mine. Hollowed out in the centre of the town in the middle of the 14th century, it continued to be the main mining shaft incessantly for approx. 600 years. It was the first shaft to be deepened below level I of the mine (18th century). Here, technical novelties in vertical transport were introduced and the first steam winding machine in Wieliczka was launched in 1861 and later an electric one (1912). The authors present the following issues in detail: construction and deepening of the shaft, modernization of winding machines, the salt mill and the surface infrastructure, changes in nomenclature and revitalization. Available historical sources were used, along with iconographic accounts, mining cartography and technical documentation. The Regis shaft, after completion of renovation work in 2012, started a “new life” contributing to streamlining of tourist traffic in the Wieliczka Salt Mine.

20

Infrastruktura Wieliczka w latach 1772-1918

67%

Krzysztofek D.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2012

|

vol. 28

115-170

EN

This study is devoted to the broadly-understood technical infrastructure and analysis of development of its individual areas which exerted significant impact on the proper functioning and development of Wieliczka during the times of the Austrian partition. The following issues are discussed in the study: transport infrastructure, both road and train, provision of the city and the mine with water (water supply system from the Lednice ponds of 1803, water supply systems from ponds: na Grabówkach, Syberia, from the Park of Empress Elizabeth, supplying water to the mining shafts and providing potable water from Bieżanów), discharge of sewage, lighting (starting with oil lamps, through kerosene and gas laps and ending with electric lights) and communication, i.e. the beginnings of the telegraph and telephone. Some of these discoveries are still used in Wieliczka, e.g. the potable water pipeline from Bieżanów and the main collector discharging sewage from the city. The saltworks power plant did not stand the test of time. The developing town was forced to get connected to the electric main of the city of Cracow. Transport infrastructure was significantly modernized and improved. Railway was electrified and roads were rebuilt.

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Wyniki inwentaryzacji i badań nieinwazyjnych kopców ziemnych na stanowiskach Bochnia 120 i Łapczyca 90 w kontekście problemu występowania kurhanów na lessach wielicko-bocheńskich

Zamek Żupny w Wieliczce – historia i architektura

Opis trasy turystycznej Kopalni Soli Wieliczka w świetle opracowania Jana Nepomucena oraz ludwika Emanuela Hrdinów z 1842 roku

Badania archeologiczne prowadzone przez muzeum żup krakowskich Wieliczka w roku 2017

Dzieje Szybu Regis

Infrastruktura Wieliczka w latach 1772-1918