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"Mądre tautologie"

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PL
This article covers a particular form of Wisława Szymborska conceptism, her Thought fugues, which turns the world’s elements upside down and deconstructs them, uncovering their antinomies. The described reality takes the form of a concatenation, it is elliptic, based on seemingly symmetric tessellations, but in essence triggers some logic turns. It is possible to discern a similarity with advertising rhetoric and its constant variations of sense based on oppositions, such as double meaning, antiphrasis, paradox, or tautology. In all of which Szymborska is able to notice the condensing of meaning, or even some oxymoronic properties. It is perhaps this reason why her poetry is accessible to such a wide audience across the world. Though frequently condemned by 20th-century thinkers as a mere pleonasm, tautology becomes for the poetess a fluid material useful for her dialectics of imagination. Szymborska does not see language as a mirror of the world, but rather as an act of creating new worlds and new forms of life, like Wittgenstein did in his theory of language games. This is why she prefers such word games more than other poets. Due to their dual nature, tautologies constitute a potential and permanent element of Szymborska’s conceptual games.
PL
A collection of articles published to mark the 20th anniversary of the Nobel Prize being awarded to the poetess. This post-conference collection of essays on Wisława Szymborska is the outcome of an academic session and the first separate critical overview published in Italian.
EN
The paper attempts to interpret Wisława Szymborska’s poem The Night which takes up the Old Testament story of Abraham sacrificing Isaac on the Mount Moriah. The author tries to demonstrate how the poet – using the child’s voice – argues with the biblical text. The introduction of the contexts of developmental psychology and of Jewish Passover together with a detailed analysis lead to the conclusion that Szymborska’s poem – employing emotional and intellectual simplifications – constitutes an ideological statement.
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine Wisława Szymborska’s texts published in a weekly “Literary Life” [„Życie Literackie”]. From 1960 to 1968 a future Nobel Prize in Literature Laureate was a co-editor of a column called Literary Post. Szymborska evaluated readers’ literary attempts sent in the letters to the editor. She replied to the letters anonymously, by means of a polysemic form “we”. The analysis of the ways the speaker’s presence is revealed in the texts helps to reconstruct the view of the addresser. The empirical part of the paper is preceded with a short description of the column in question as well as the press genre under study.
PL
Przedmiotem badań są wypowiedzi Wisławy Szymborskiej publikowane w tygodniku „Życie Literackie”. Na łamach czasopisma w latach 1960-1968 przyszła noblistka współprowadziła rubrykę Poczta literacka, w której oceniała próby pisarskie nadsyłane przez czytelników w listach do redakcji. Sporządzając odpowiedzi na listy do redakcji, zachowywała anonimowość i posługiwała się głównie polisemiczną formą „my”. Analiza sposobów uobecniania się podmiotu mówiącego w badanych tekstach pomaga odtworzyć obraz ich nadawcy. Część materiałową artykułu poprzedza krótka charakterystyka rubryki Poczta literacka oraz omawianego gatunku dziennikarskiego.
Onomastica
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 2
103-118
EN
There are many studies concerning Wisława Szymborska’s works, especially in the field of literary studies. Researchers (including S. Balbus, E. Balcerzan, A. Legeżyńska) have discussed in detail the features and the most important themes of her poetry. They also paid attention to stylistic devices and language games used by the poet. However, they were little interested in the onymic layer of her poems. Meanwhile, Szymborska’s poetry is a rich source of proper names, which appear independently or constitute elements of metaphors and comparisons. Among these onyms, there are both anthroponyms and place names, hydronyms and ideonyms. The poet’s oeuvre also includes works devoid of proper names, which is also an important signal of textual functions (e.g. concealment, evanescence, uncertainty). The conducted analyses (e.g. of the poem “Portrait of a woman”) show how the analysis of proper names enriches the interpretative conclusions.
PL
Utwory Wisławy Szymborskiej doczekały się wielu opracowań, zwłaszcza literaturoznawczych. Badacze (np. S. Balbus, E. Balcerzan, A. Legeżyńska) szczegółowo omówili najważniejsze tematy tej poezji oraz cechy jej poetyki. Zwracali też uwagę na  zabiegi stylistyczne  oraz stosowane przez poetkę gry językowe. Jednak w niewielkim stopniu interesowała ich warstwa onimiczna wierszy. Tymczasem poezja Szymborskiej jest źródłem bogatego zbioru nazw własnych, występujących samodzielnie lub stanowiących człony metafor i porównań. Są to zarówno antroponimy, jak i nazwy miejscowe, hydronimy oraz ideonimy. W dorobku poetki są też utwory pozbawione nazw własnych, co także jest sygnałem funkcji tekstowych (np. przemilczenia, przemijania, niepewności). Przeprowadzone analizy (np. wiersza „Portret kobiecy”) pokazują, jak objęcie obserwacją nazw własnych wpływa na wzbogacenie interpretacyjnych wniosków.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2014
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vol. 105
|
issue 4
195-211
EN
Wisława Szymborska first became known in Korea after she won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1996, but came closer to readers with the publication of her poetry book entitled "The End and the Beginning" (including 170 poems) in 2007. The Korean version of Szymborska’s poetry book first drew attention of Korean poets and novelists and, later, owing to their active introduction of the book to Korea, her poems became very popular among general public as well. Her poetry book "The End and the Beginning" went through twelve editions in Korea, and more than 12 000 copies have been sold as the book has become a steady seller. Immediately after the publication of the book, her poems were simply read, cited and critiqued, but later they were used as motifs in the creation of literary works which went on to influence other genres such as film, ballet, and photography. Furthermore, Szymborska’s poems have been cited and interpreted in various social contexts beyond the limits of literature and art. Even though she passed away in 2012, many Korean poets, critics, scholars, and general public still enjoy reading and citing her poems.
PL
W artykule podjęto kwestię reinterpretacji wiersza Wisławy Szymborskiej „Jeszcze” w odniesieniu do jego dotychczasowych odczytań. Wiersz został także skonfrontowany z innym utworem polskiej noblistki, zatytułowanym „Transport Żydów 1943”. Wzięto pod uwagę warianty obydwu tekstów. Nowa propozycja interpretacyjna wiąże się ściśle z filologiczną analizą tekstu; pojawiają się także odwołania do dzisiejszego stanu wiedzy na temat Zagłady Żydów. Poetyka artykułu jest celowo ascetyczna i przy-tekstowa, gdyż autorka podąża tropem znakomitych poprzedników, dodając jedynie kolejny przypis do arcydzielnego wiersza Szymborskiej. Analizie poddano tytuł wiersza, kontekst gatunkowy, przemianę autorskiego idiomu poetki, intertekstualny potencjał utworu. W niektórych miejscach zasugerowano transakcentację interpretacyjną – przesunięcie akcentów jako konsekwencję, wynikającą ze stanu badań nad wierszem.
EN
The article assumes a reinterpretation of Wisława Szymborska’s poem “Jeszcze” (“Still”) in reference it its previous readings. The poem is here also confronted with other piece by the Polish Nobel Prize winner entitled “Transport Żydów 1943” (“Transport of Jews 1943”). Variants of both texts are taken into consideration in the paper. The new interpretive proposal is closely linked with a philological analysis of text, and also includes references to the present-day state of art in the Shoah. The poetics of the article is intentionally ascetic and by-textual since the author follows the paths of superb predecessors, adding merely another note to Szymborska’s poetic masterpiece. The analysis also includes the poem’s title, its literary genetic context, the transformation of the poetess’ own idiom, and the piece’s intellectual potential. In a few places the paper suggests interpretive transaccentuation, i.e. shift of stresses as a consequence resulting from the state of art in the poem.
EN
The poem Vermeer, from the newest Wisława Szymborska’s anthology Here (2009), is one of the shortest works of the Nobel prizewinner. Both conciseness of the text and its connection with the 17th century Dutch painting encouraged the author to make a meticulous analysis in which euphony and phonetic harmony play the main role. The initial analysis of stylistic layer leads to hermeneutic interpretation, which, through comparison of the literary work and Vermeer’s painting The Milkmaid (1658), shows that Szymborska’s work could be read as a special kind of haiku. The key scene described by the poet, pouring milk from the jug into the bowl, which takes place “in the painted silence and attention”, evokes symbolic and religious senses. It occurs that understanding the deep meaning of the poem leads the reader to the space of archetypal mystery and makes one ponder over the force that keeps the world going day by day.
EN
The most creative person in the history of Bulgarian literature is Blaga Dimitrova. This article presents her memories of the outstanding Polish poet Wisława Szymborska. Situations she recalls took place in the 50s, 60s and 70s of the 20th century. This was a time when the Polish Nobel Prize Winner in Literature began to create her literary works. The sincere friendship between Dimitrova and Szymborska is also depicted here. It can be proved by the statement of Dimitrova's husband, Jordan Vasilev.
EN
Poetry analysis is never easy. Especially when someone’s literary output is observed and read from a perspective of few thousands kilometers and completely different cultural and philo-sophical background. Such situation takes place when one attempts to read Wisława Szymborska’s poetry in Japan. Language and literature specialists are able to trace numerous connections between her texts and their own reading experience; but for students who have just learned Polish and attempt to become familiar with our culture it is an outstanding chal-lenge. They have to conquer the barrier of language, culture and poetical presentation. But when they do that, their adventure with Polish poetry is just about to begin.
PL
Ten tekst jest pierwszą częścią badań nad Wisławy Szymborskiej refleksjami i rozważaniami – podanymi w jej poezji – nad wiedzą, nauką i światopoglądem naukowym. Przedstawione są one na szerokim tle filozoficznych wątków obecnych w jej twórczości.
PL
Ten tekst jest drugą częścią badań nad Wisławy Szymborskiej refleksjami i rozważaniami – podanymi w jej poezji – nad wiedzą, nauką i światopoglądem naukowym. Przedstawione są one na szerokim tle filozoficznych wątków obecnych w jej twórczości.
PL
Wiersze Wisławy Szymborskiej cechuje narracyjny sposób widzenia świata zderzony z poetycką formą. Opowiadanie wiąże się tu bowiem z odkrywaniem i rozumieniem rzeczywistości oraz kształtowaniem własnej tożsamości. Artykuł pokazuje rodzaje i ewolucję technik narracyjnych Szymborskiej, podkreślając ich poznawczy i etyczny wymiar. Jej poezja jest tu rozumiana jako indywidualna renarracja wielkiej opowieści życia, która niczego nie wyjaśnia i nie porządkuje, jest jednak konieczna, by podmiot mógł istnieć świadomie. Gest narracyjny poetki stanowi zarazem gest autorefleksyjny i ma wymiar metafizyczny, stając się wyrazem sprzeciwu wobec nicości.
EN
The narrative way of seeing the world confronted with the poetic form is characteristic of Wisława Szymborska’s poems. A short story is not only linked with discovering and understanding the reality but also with creating the individual identity. The article presents the variety of types and the evolution of Szymborska’s narrative techniques emphasizing their cognitive and ethical sphere. Her poetry is understood as the individual re-narration of the great story of life, which neither explains nor organises anything, yet is necessary for the lyrical subject to exist consciously. The poet’s auto-reflective narrative gesture adds to the metaphysical dimension and as such simultaneously becomes the expression of opposition to nothingness.
EN
The paper focuses on the documentary aspect of a letter as a speech genre. The corpus comprises the letters exchanged between Wisława Szymborska and Kornel Filipowicz, written between 1966 and 1985. The study aims toanalyse how the participants of the epistolary dialogue present historic and social issues, and to what extent a private letter may serve memory. The analysis proves that the topics in the texts revolve around every day and ordinary issues – important only for the correspondents. Historical facts and social affairs are reported selectively, always from the sender’s point of view, and in relation to the addressee and the circumstances. They are often expressed in a disguised form (by means of allusion, understatement, joke, irony) which is determined by two factors: the fear of censorship and the correspondents’ literary abilities and their similar personality traits. The data reveals that a letter – considered as one’s account of events and a secondary mnemonic genre – may serve memory onlyin some ways but not completely because it “remembers” the past in a relative and limited way.
EN
The article addresses the sources behind the poems of Wisława Szymborska and Czesław Miłosz. The focal point of Miłosz’s poetry is the concept of Entirety, which is intertwined with his religious worldview, whereas the world in Szymborska’s poetry lacks a metaphysical structure based on a number of divine certainties. These fundamental differences are observed in the metrical decisions made as the shape of the poem becomes a test for the infinite, remaining outside reality. For both authors “the order, rhythm, form” seem to be the reasons for the existence of poetry and as such protect it from chaos and nothingness. However, Szymborska “thinks in verse” differently from Miłosz, undertaking her own “struggle with a poem.” This aspect of her work is analyzed in the article with reference to “I’m working on the world” and “Vermeer.”
EN
Fr Jan Twardowski advises: “Let us hurry to love people” before they leave behind “only their shoes and silence on the phone.” The poets use the motif of overdue phone calls to people who are no longer with us, but – in spite of the diagnosis from another of Twardowski’s work, Potem, that the dead do not call us – the trauma of the death comes back also in the form of the telephone calls from the dead person (e.g. Słuchawka by Wisława Szymborska). These (nomen omen) signals of trauma – trauma connected with Holocaust, war, individual loss – seem to be the expression of helplessness of the people who survived, but also the attempt to rescue the memory of the dead (Spis abonentów sieci telefonów miasta stołecznego Warszawy na rok 1938/39 by Jerzy Ficowski, Notes by Antoni Słonimski). The vision of telephonic understanding with the dead can help to work through the trauma, allow to have the conversation impossible ever before (Telefon by Zbigniew Herbert), and support people in comprehending their own mortality (Telefon by Mieczysław Jastrun). What seems the most interesting are the functions this “contacts” perform and the metaphors characteristic for the mentioned poems (or similar, like Telefon by Władysław Szlengel). In the centre of this article is the contemporary Polish poetry, however as a context foreign (Telephone Call by Donell Dempsey) and prosaic (Szum by Magdalena Tulli, Duchy w maszynach by Anna Kańtoch, Maigret en Vichy by Georges Simenon) works are also used.
PL
Ksiądz Jan Twardowski zaleca, by śpieszyć się kochać ludzi, zanim „zostaną po nich buty i telefon głuchy”. Poeci sięgają po motyw spóźnionego dzwonienia do tych, których już nie ma, ale – wbrew diagnozie z innego wiersza Twardowskiego, Potem, że umarli „nie telefonują” – trauma śmierci wraca też w formie telefonu od zmarłego (jak w Słuchawce Wisławy Szymborskiej). Takie (nomen omen) sygnały traumy – Holocaustu, wojny, pojedynczej straty – są wyrazem bezradności tych, którzy przeżyli, ale i próbą podtrzymywania pamięci (Spis abonentów sieci telefonów miasta stołecznego Warszawy na rok 1938/39 Jerzego Ficowskiego, Notes Antoniego Słonimskiego). Wizje telefonicznego porozumienia między światami mogą pozwolić na rozmowę wcześniej niemożliwą (Telefon Zbigniewa Herberta), mogą pomagać w przepracowywaniu traumy, a nawet służyć człowiekowi w oswajaniu jego własnej śmiertelności (Telefon Mieczysława Jastruna). Interesujące są funkcje tych „kontaktów” i metafory charakterystyczne dla wymienionych wierszy (oraz pokrewnych, jak Telefon Władysława Szlengla). W centrum podjętej w artykule refleksji znajduje się polska poezja współczesna, ale pojawią się konteksty zagraniczne (Telephone Call Donalla Dempseya) i prozatorskie (Szum Magdaleny Tulli, Duchy w maszynach Anny Kańtoch, Maigret w Vichy Georges’a Simenona).
EN
The author presents the reception of Wisława Szymborska’s work. She shows how the Nobel Prize received by the writer in 1996 caused a sudden increase in interest in her work. This interest has been shown from two perspectives: one is a fascination with poetry and an attempt to put the Nobel Prize winner on a monument, against which the poet herself strongly protested, and the other is the perspective of an open reluctance, not to say hate, resulting from indicating Szymborska’s youthful fascination with the ideals of socialism. The article shows how the Internet has become a platform that has helped to promote, above all, the knowledge about the author of the poems and, to a lesser extent, reflection on her work.
|
2017
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
159-178
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest słowackim przekładom poezji Wisławy Szymborskiej, która w roku 1996 została nagrodzona nagrodą nobla. 20 lat później w języku słowackim ukazały się dwa zbiory polskiej poetki. autorka artykułu podsumowuje wszystkie przekłady poezji Wisławy Szymborskiej, które zostały wydane na Słowacji w postaci książkowej lub w czasopismach od roku 1952, czyli od debiutu poetki. Wiele z wierszy zostało przełożonych na język słowacki kilkakrotnie, w artykule poświęcono więc szczególną uwagę fenomenowi serii translatorskiej. Autorka analizuje i porównuje przekłady w serii trzech różnych wierszy poetki.
EN
This paper deals with the Slovak translations of poems by Wisława Szymborska who was awarded nobel Prize in 1996. Twenty years later two collection of her poems were published in the Slovak language. The author of this paper summarized all translations of W. Szymborska’s poems into the Slovak language which have been published in literature magazines as well as books since 1952, the year of the poet’s debut. Since some poems were translated more than once by different translators, the phenomenon of retranslation is also discussed. various translations of three poems are compared and analyzed in the paper as well.
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