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Prawo Kanoniczne
|
2016
|
vol. 59
|
issue 4
151-180
EN
As shown by the trial which declared in 1456 the nullity of the sentence of death pronounced against Joan of Arc 25 years before, the first trial was tangled with numerous canonical irregularities. The article first deals with the prerequisites of the trial, the conditions of the arrest of Joan of Arc, of detention in an English jail in an inhuman way, and the non respect of the norms related to a trial which was supposed to be a religious one, that is to say against somebody accused of heresy, schism, idolatry, witchcraft and of being relapse. Then the author describes the unfolding of the trial, highlighting one by one the vices and defaults of the former sentence, as well as the masquerade of abjuration in Saint-Ouen, in the city of Rouen. For the Great Inquisitor of France, the sentence of 1431 was null for six reasons: 1) incompetence of judges, for default of juridiction on part of Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais. - 2) obvious malicious intent and partiality of Cauchon. - 3) the fact that the sentence was pronounced after challenge and appeal. - 4) falsification of the acts. - 5) suspicions which was taken as basis of the trial. - 6) obvious iniquity and et intolerable error of the sentence.
EN
If travel narratives satisfy the reader’s curiosity by providing visions of an elsewhere, offering them the illusion of a travel they cannot do, and showing them wonders, characterized by their ability to surprise, we will find those texts use hypotyposis, a “speaking painting” that develops “the art of making present the absent” and “mak[ing] the unimaginable imaginable and the improbable, probable”. The development of travel narratives during the late Middle Age marked affimation of the individual and the rise of empiricism. Based on the personal experience of travellers (either real or fictional), these texts have to convince of their authenticity and transmit this direct vision (autopsiam) to make visible and palpable to the reader that unknown horizon unveiled by travelling. Hypotypose would be one of the tools erecting the travelogue as a relevant source of knowledge by sharing the traveller’s sensory experience. The valuation of empirical knowledge is based on the epiphany induced by hypotyposis.
FR
Si le récit de voyage donne à voir l’ailleurs pour satisfaire la curiosité des lecteurs, leur offrant l’illusion du voyage qu’ils ne peuvent faire, leur montrant les merveilles, ces objets caractérisés par leur capacité à surprendre, nous y retrouverons bien la présence de l’hypotypose, « peinture parlante » qui développe « l’art de rendre présentes les choses absentes » et de « rendre imaginable l’inimaginable et vraisemblable l’invraisemblable ». Les récits de voyages, par leur développement au cours des derniers siècles du Moyen Âge, marquèrent l’affirmation de l’individu et l’avènement de l’empirisme. Basés sur l’expérience personnelle du voyageur (qu’elle soit réelle ou fictive), il faut à ces textes transmettre et convaincre de cette vision directe (autopsiam), afin de rendre visible et palpable pour le lecteur cet horizon inconnu dévoilé par le voyage. L’hypotypose serait ainsi un des outils érigeant le récit de voyage en source pertinente de savoir par le partage de l’expérience sensible du voyageur. La valorisation du savoir empirique s’appuie sur cette caractéristique d’épiphanie de l’hypotypose.
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