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Germany and the Boxer Uprising in China

100%

Kočvar J.

West Bohemian Historical Review

2015

vol. 5

issue 2

121-167

In late 1890’s, a xenophobic Yihetuan (“Boxer”) movement emerged in German sphere of influence in Shandong. In 1900, the movement spread into the neighbouring province of Zhili and was largely tolerated by anti-foreign officials. Foreign diplomats failed to understand this threat. As a consequence of hasty and miscalculated moves of both sides, the Chinese court found itself in the middle of an open conflict with the great powers. Since mid-June, foreign detachments were fighting with governmental troops in Zhili; on June 20, German Minister to China was killed and the siege of the Beijing legations began. German forces in the Far East were too limited to participate much on the fighting. Germany sent a large expeditionary force to the Far East, but these troops arrived too late to take part on the conquest of Beijing on 14 August 1900. Allied forces under supreme command of German Field Marshall Alfred von Waldersee occupied Zhili and conducted many punitive operations at the country. During the crisis, Germany gained bad reputation for the conduct of her troops.

Germany, China, and the Way to the Boxer Uprising

80%

Kočvar J.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

2014

issue 1

41-62

Prior to 1897, Sino‑German relations were generally peaceful and in some respects beneficiary. Yet since the seizure of Jiaozhou, Germany was following a policy of harshness and used any opportunity to exert pressure on China. This was due to widespread feeling of racial, cultural, and religious superiority. Even though Germany wasn’t the first great power to gain Chinese territory after the Sino‑Japanese War, German seizure of Jiaozhou started the Scramble for Concessions. Christian missionaries didn’t respect Chinese beliefs, and they were in most cases supporting their converts against Chinese justice at all costs. The missionaries themselves were supported by Germany. German military had undertaken many punitive expeditions against inhabitants of Shandong, thus radicalized the people. At the same time, the “Boxer” movement had emerged in Shandong Due to inappropriate response of the authorities, the movement gained significance, and at the eve of the year 1900 it was ready to cause havoc in the metropolitan province of Zhili. At the court in Beijing, the most influential group was represented by anti‑foreign aristocrats.

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Germany and the Boxer Uprising in China

Germany, China, and the Way to the Boxer Uprising